True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if the statement has incorrect information. If the statement is FALSE, identify the incorrect information and provide further  explanations, complete solutions, and examples to support your answer. 

3. Agatha married Allen, and they had three children: Anthony, Andrew, and Arthur. Anthony, Andrew, and Arthur were diagnosed with muscular dystrophy. Arthur married Amber, and they  had two daughters, Alice and Angela. Alice, who has muscular dystrophy, is now married to Argus.  Aurora and Aaliyah were their two daughters. Aurora suffers from muscular dystrophy. The  inheritance pattern of the trait is autosomal dominant based on the pedigree chart. 

Muscular dystrophy is an umbrella term for several genetic diseases that all cause increasing weakness of a person's muscles. Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy are different types of muscular dystrophy. Each one is caused by a different type of mutation in the gene coding for a protein that helps to prevent muscle cells from dying prematurely.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is more severe. A child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy begins to show symptoms of loss of muscle function by about age 3 and needs to use a wheelchair by about age 10. A person with Duchenne muscular dystrophy typically dies as a young adult, due to failure of the muscles in the internal organs.

Becker muscular dystrophy is milder. Symptoms do not begin until age 12 or later, and the person can live into their 40s or 50s.

The table shows the main kinds of mutations that are responsible for these two types of muscular dystrophy. Complete the second column to indicate which type of muscular dystrophy you think would be caused by each type of mutation.

Explain your reasoning.

Please answer “True” or “False” for questions 1-5.

1) The defective gene in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) was identified using amino acid sequence obtained from the protein dystrophin purified from skeletal muscle.

2) In dystrophin-deficient mice, the loss of muscle contractile force after eccentric contraction correlates with increased plasma membrane damage.

3) The loss of dystrophin is the only cause of muscular dystrophy in humans.

4) Dysferlin prevents rupture of the muscle plasma membrane during contraction of stretch.

5) Muscular dystrophy can be caused by gene mutations that disrupt carbohydrates.

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a sex-linked characteristic encoded by the dystrophin gene found on the X chromosome. A mutation of the dystrophin gene causes issues in the structural support of muscle tissue. This disease affects 1 in 3,600 boys, resulting in muscle degeneration and eventual death. Paul has DMD and was fortunate to live to have children. He married Lisa at age 20, and they had two children, one normal boy and one diseased girl, before Paul passed away at age 25.

a. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of Paul and Lisa?

i. Given these data, would you expect Lisa’s family pedigree to show the presence of absence of DMD? Why or why not?

b. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of their children?

i. Given these data, should the son or daughter be most concerned about transmittance to offspring? Why?