🏷️ LIMITED TIME OFFER: GET 20% OFF GRADE+ YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION →
Log in
Biology
10
answers
0
watching
30
views
13 Dec 2019

8. Which of the following operons will produce functional β-galactosidase if lactose is absent?

a. lacI + lacP + lacOC lacZ -

b. lacI + lacP + lacO + lacZ +

c. lacI - lacP - lacOC lacZ +

d. lacI - lacP + lacO+ lacZ +

e. lacI + lacO+ lacZ +/ lacOC

f. none of the above

g. all of the above

Watch
10
answers
0
watching
30
views

For unlimited access to Homework Help, a Homework+ subscription is required.

Unlock all answers

Get 1 free homework help answer.
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Sixta Kovacek
Sixta KovacekLv2
17 Dec 2019
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology
8 Edition,
Lodish
ISBN: 9781464183393
Biology: Science for Life with Physiology
6 Edition,
Belk
ISBN: 9780134555430
Concepts of Biology
OER Edition,
Openstax
ISBN: 9781938168116
Biology
2nd Edition, 2013
Openstax
ISBN: 9781947172517
Essentials of Biology
5 Edition,
Mader
ISBN: 9781259660269

Related questions

The overall goal of the research project that we carried out in Experimental Biology is insertion of GFP into target lapA/EF-4 gene.

1. What is the overall goal of the research project that we carried out in Experimental Biology, and how does the experiment aimed at purification of your fusion protein fit in with the overall goal of our research? How does the subcellular localization experiment fit into the overall goal?

2. What method did we use to determine whether your fusion protein was a soluble protein or a membrane bound protein? What positive control did we perform? What result was obtained from the positive control? Was this expected? Explain.

3. Know the methods used for protein purification in general as described in class, and in the file; “protein purification.ppt”

4. What method did we use to attempt to purify your LepA/EF 4 – GFP fusion protein? Why did we use this method, what advantages are there compared to other protein purification methods?

5. What is “Protein A” and how did we use it?

6. What antibody did we use in our purification experiment and why did we use it? Why can’t we use the anti-EF 4/LepA antibody to purify your fusion protein?

DAY 18, NOVEMBER 7: INTRODUCTION TO IN VIVO FUNCTIONAL ASSAYS; ASSAY FOR EXPRESSION TOXICITY AT 30°C VS. 37°C

Purpose: Compare the growth of pPEM109, pIN III, and candidate plasmids in DH5alpha-F’lacIQ -/+ IPTG to compare toxicity of functional LepA/EF-4 (expressed from pPEM109) to empty vector control (pIN III), and EF-4-GFP fusion proteins.

Background: This assay is based on the observation that E. coli is extremely sensitive to elevated levels of LepA/EF-4 expression. In prior work it was demonstrated that LepA/EF-4 expression from pPEM109 is lethal to cells growing in the presence of IPTG [Yaskowiak and March, 1995). Furthermore, pPEM109 can only be maintained in strains that contain the mutated Lac repressor gene, lacIQ, which increases repression of the operon. The wild-type promoter of the lacI gene is rather weak, resulting in ~10 molecules of Lac repressor protein per wild-type cell. The lacIQ gene contains a “promoter-up” mutation that increases transcription and Lac repressor expression 10-fold, resulting in ~100 repressor protein molecules per wild-type cell (Müller-Hill et al., 1998). Strains that only have normal Lac repressor have a slightly elevated level of “leaky” expression from the lac promoter. It was shown by comparing two identical strains (one contained lacIQ and one contained lacI) that pPEM109 could only be maintained in the lacIQ containing strain.

If you consider the structure of LepA/EF-4, and its proposed function, why do you think it would be toxic if expressed at high levels levels? What kind of mutations in the lepA gene could give rise to a mutated protein that is not toxic when expressed? What do you predict for your LepA/EF-4 - GFP fusion protein, will it be toxic when expressed or not?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DAY 19, NOVEMBER 9: BIOCHEMICAL ASSAY FOR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF LEPA/EF-4-GFP (Lysis and Ultracentrifugation).

Background: LepA/EF-4 was originally found in the cytoplasm, membrane and periplasm when the protein was expressed from a plasmid [March and Inouye (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260: 7206-7213]. The endogenous protein, expressed from the chromosomal gene in the absence of plasmid expression was located in the membrane [March and Inouye (1985) Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA Vol. 82: 7500-7504]. More recently it has been shown that the cellular location of LepA/EF-4 depends on the Mg2+ stress status of the cell [Pech et al. (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA Vol. 108: 3199-3203].

Here we will examine the comparative distribution of LepA/EF-4 and LepA/EF-4-GFP in cells by subcellular fractionation of native cellular protein extracts. Do you predict that your EF-4-GFP fusion protein will be localized to the cytoplasm, membrane, or both?

In contrast to our previous denaturing extract preparation, the native preparation maintains the overall shape/folding of proteins so they can localize appropriately prior to analysis. Looking ahead, how will the preparation be different in native vs. denaturing extracts?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DAY 20, NOVEMBER 14: BIOCHEMICAL ASSAY FOR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF LEPA/EF-4-GFP (SDS PAGE and Transfer)

Procedure:

SDS PAGE Analysis

1. Each section should have the following control samples to analyze from DAY 19:

Extract Fraction Treatment

pPEM109 Input +IPTG

pPEM109 Sol +IPTG

pPEM109 Mem +IPTG

In addition, each student should have 3 experimental samples for their candidate:

Extract Fraction Treatment

Candidate Input +IPTG

Candidate Sol +IPTG

Candidate Mem +IPTG

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DAY 21, NOVEMBER 16: BIOCHEMICAL ASSAY FOR SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF LEPA/EF-4-GFP (Western Blot detection)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DAY 23, NOVEMBER 28: PURIFICATION OF NATIVE LEPA/EF 4 – GFP FUSION PROTEINS BY AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Purpose: In order to examine whether LepA/EF 4 – GFP fusion proteins retain function our prior experiments examined whether fusion proteins retained expression toxicity, and whether fusion proteins localized to the membrane. In order to examine other aspects of function, such as GTP – binding and ribosome - binding, purified protein is required. In this experiment we examine the feasibility of purifying LepA/EF 4 – GFP fusion proteins using affinity purification.

Background: Scientists are often interested in recovering proteins that have been produced in bacteria for research or therapeutic purposes. The process of protein purification from bacteria is medically relevant. It can be used as a method to mass-produce proteins of interest. For instance, the human insulin gene can be cloned into a plasmid and transformed into E. coli. The protein can then be purified and used to treat patients with diabetes.

The process of purifying a protein means separating this protein from other cellular components (proteins, DNA, ions, etc.). Protein purification is described in all biochemistry books, and in Chapter 5, Section A, of the textbook used in the Emmanuel College Biochemistry class (Fundamentals of Biochemistry, Voet, Voet and Pratt). This book is on reserve in the Emmanuel College Library. Here we will test the feasibility of using affinity chromatography, and magnetic beads to purify LepA/EF 4 fusion proteins in one step.

Preparation of magnetic beads for affinity purification of native LepA/EF 4. This procedure will be done the day before by the Emmanuel College Lab staff.

Background. The primary antibody that we employed to detect LepA/EF 4 – GFP in our Western blotting experiments can also be used to purify native, functional LepA/EF 4 – GFP fusion protein. Commercially available Protein A magnetic beads will be used for this purpose. Protein A is a very stable bacterial protein that has a high affinity for IgG produced from any animal species. Protein A magnetic beads contain tiny magnetized beads with Protein A covalently attached to their surface. Remember that the primary antibody that was employed in our prior experiments was affinity-purified rabbit IgG that was specific for GFP epitopes. The application of GFP primary antibody to Protein A magnetic beads will result in a tight, non-covalent attachment of GFP – specific IgG onto the magnetic beads. These beads would specifically recognize and bind to GFP that was present in a crude cell lysate. The application of a magnetic field could then be employed to collect the beads and the bound LepA/EF 4. By this method the collection and wash steps would be very rapid and very efficient. After washing away unbound proteins, purified LepA/EF 4 – GFP could be eluted from the magnetic beads. HOWEVER, the GFP IgG was non-covalently attached to the Protein A, and therefore some will leak out in the elution step. This would contaminate the purified LepA/EF 4 – GFP fusion protein with IgG. To avoid this problem, GFP IgG will be chemically cross-linked onto the Protein A magnetic beads by the procedure described in Sisson and Castor [Journal of Immunological Methods (1990), Vol. 127, 215-220].

Below are possible alleles found in the lac operon.

Repressor gene:

Is (superrepressor; can't bind allolactose, but can bind operator)

I+ (inducible; wild-type)

I- (constitutive; can bind allolactose, but can't bind operator)

Operator:

Oc (constitutive; can't bind repressor)

O+ (inducible; wild-type)

A. Which of the following combinations below will not express β-galactosidase even when lactose is present? Circle and explain your answer.

I+O+

I-Oc

IsOc

IsO+

I-O+

B. Which of the following combinations below will express β-galactosidase only if lactose is present? Circle and explain your answer.

I+O+

I-Oc

IsOc

IsO+

I-O+

Note: This question is for an INTRODUCTORY genetics class, so please try to answer in a way that an INTRODUCTORY student would be able to understand.

1. The following shows the genotype of a partial diploid bacterial cell - where one chromosomal region containing the lac operon in E,coli is given, and the other fragment is from a plasmid carrying another lac operon from another source. The two are separated by a slash (/).

The possible answers indicate with a ʺ+ʺ or a ʺ-ʺ whether β-galactosidase would be expected to be produced at induced levels under two circumstances: 1) first in the absence of lactose and 2) second in the presence of lactose. (Assume that glucose is not present in the medium.)

Genotype C: Is Oc Z+/ Fʹ I + O+ Z+
KEY:

I+ = wild-type repressor
I- = mutant repressor (unable to bind to the operator)
Is = mutant repressor (insensitive to lactose)
O+ = wild-type operator
Oc = constitutive operator (insensitive to repressor)

a. +,+ d. -,+

b. -,- e. cannot tell

c. +,-

2. The following shows the genotype of a partial diploid bacterial cell - where one chromosomal region containing the lac operon in E,coli is given, and the other fragment is from a plasmid carrying another lac operon from another source. The two are separated by a slash (/).

The possible answers indicate with a ʺ+ʺ or a ʺ-ʺ whether β-galactosidase would be expected to be produced at induced levels under two circumstances: 1) first in the absence of lactose and 2) second in the presence of lactose. (Assume that glucose is not present in the medium.)

Genotype D: I- O+ Z+/ Fʹ I- O+ Z+
KEY:

I+ = wild-type repressor
I- = mutant repressor (unable to bind to the operator)
Is = mutant repressor (insensitive to lactose)
O+ = wild-type operator
Oc = constitutive operator (insensitive to repressor)

a. +,+ d. -,+

b. -,- e. cannot tell

c. +,-

3. The following shows the genotype of a partial diploid bacterial cell - where one chromosomal region containing the lac operon in E,coli is given, and the other fragment is from a plasmid carrying another lac operon from another source. The two are separated by a slash (/).

The possible answers indicate with a ʺ+ʺ or a ʺ-ʺ whether β-galactosidase would be expected to be produced at induced levels under two circumstances: 1) first in the absence of lactose and 2) second in the presence of lactose. (Assume that glucose is not present in the medium.)

Genotype E: I + O+ Z+/ Fʹ I + O+ Z+
KEY:

I+ = wild-type repressor
I- = mutant repressor (unable to bind to the operator)
Is = mutant repressor (insensitive to lactose)
O+ = wild-type operator
Oc = constitutive operator (insensitive to repressor)

a. +,+ d. -,+

b. -,- e. cannot tell

c. +,-

Weekly leaderboard

Home
Homework Help 3,900,000
Biology 460,000
Start filling in the gaps now
Log in