mas111

A. In order to understand muscle physiology at the molecular level, it is vital to comprehend the roles of important biochemical components involved including various ions, enzymes, and neurotransmitters. After reviewing the Connect Animations of the Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Physiology (all three animations) answer the following questions.

1. State the role of acetylcholine during excitation and what it specifically causes to happen.

2. State the role of myosin ATPase during contraction and what it specifically causes to happen.

In order to understand muscle physiology at the molecular level, it is vital to comprehend the roles of important biochemical components involved including various ions, enzymes, and neurotransmitters. After reviewing the Connect Animations of the Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Physiology (all three animations) answer the following questions.

1. Briefly describe the two major roles calcium ions play during a) excitation and b) excitation-contraction coupling.

a.

b.

2. Briefly describe the importance of acetylcholinesterase in relaxation

Wednesday, 31 August 2016, 10:00 AM

Understanding the basic concepts of muscle contraction and relaxation, in 200 words. Subject anatomy and physiology 1

Why is studing human anatomy and physiology important?

Define adaptation and selection pressure. Why are these concepts important in understanding human anatomy and physiology?

Primary plant body consists of several tissue systems. Which answer provides the complete list of tissue systems that form the primary body in plants?1. parenchyma tissues, collenchyma tissues, and sclerenchyma tissues2. leaf tissues, root tissues, and stem tissues3. dermal tissues, ground tissues, and vascular tissues4. xylem tissues, phloem tissues, and pith tissues

Answer the following questions (25 points)

a). list four features of a plant cell that are absent from most animal cells

b). list all the meristematic tissues in plants

c). functional significance of dermal, ground, and vascular tissue system

Note that the structure of a seed plant has the following organizational levels. cells--> tissues --> tissue systems--> organs--> organ systems

-list three major vegetative (non-reproductive) organs of plants and list two major functions of each)

-each organ contains 3 tissue systems (not including meristematic tissue system). list these tissue systems and a function for each

differentiate between vegetative and reproductive tissue

Choose only one correct answer

QUESTION 1

Transautophosphorylation occurs in which two of the followingsignaling pathways?

a.GPCR and RTK pathways

b.RTK and Integrin/FAK pathways

c.S/TKR and PKA pathways

d.GPCR and Ras pathways

e.MAPK and cAMP pathways

QUESTION 2

Which of the following receptors are activated by GTP?

a.G protein coupled receptors only

b.tyrosine kinase receptors only

c.both G protein coupled receptors and tyrosine kinasereceptors

d.neither G protein coupled receptors nor tyrosine kinasereceptors

QUESTION 3

Why can both GPCR and RTK pathways activate calmodulin?

a.Because both activate PLC

b.Because both activate PI3K

c.Because both trigger an action potential

d.Because both activate Ras

e.Because both activate PKA

QUESTION 4

Ion channel receptors __________ enzymes. They __________ bindsignaling ligands.

a.are, do

b.are not, do

c.are, do not

d.are not, do not

QUESTION 5

PIP2 is cleaved by ___________ to produce _____________.

a.phosphodiesterase, DAG and IP3

b. phospholipase C, DAG and IP3

c. phosphodiesterase, DAG and calcium

d. phospholipase C, DAG and calcium

QUESTION 6

Why are integrins considered to be signaling proteins?

a.Because they bind ECM

b.Because they bind heterotrimeric G proteins

c.Because they bind FAK

d.Because they bind MAPK

e.Because they bind Sos

QUESTION 7

Why isn’t tubulin considered a G protein?

a.Because it doesn’t propagate a signal in a signalingpathway

b.Because it doesn’t bind to GPCR

c.Because it doesn’t bind to a GEF or a GAP

d.Because it doesn’t undergo transautophosphorylation

e.Because it doesn’t bind GTP

Choose only one correct answer

QUESTION 1

Transautophosphorylation occurs in which two of the followingsignaling pathways?

a.GPCR and RTK pathways

b.RTK and Integrin/FAK pathways

c.S/TKR and PKA pathways

d.GPCR and Ras pathways

e.MAPK and cAMP pathways

QUESTION 2

Which of the following receptors are activated by GTP?

a.G protein coupled receptors only

b.tyrosine kinase receptors only

c.both G protein coupled receptors and tyrosine kinasereceptors

d.neither G protein coupled receptors nor tyrosine kinasereceptors

QUESTION 3

Why can both GPCR and RTK pathways activate calmodulin?

a.Because both activate PLC

b.Because both activate PI3K

c.Because both trigger an action potential

d.Because both activate Ras

e.Because both activate PKA

QUESTION 4

Ion channel receptors __________ enzymes. They __________ bindsignaling ligands.

a.are, do

b.are not, do

c.are, do not

d.are not, do not

QUESTION 5

PIP2 is cleaved by ___________ to produce _____________.

a.phosphodiesterase, DAG and IP3

b. phospholipase C, DAG and IP3

c. phosphodiesterase, DAG and calcium

d. phospholipase C, DAG and calcium

QUESTION 6

Why are integrins considered to be signaling proteins?

a.Because they bind ECM

b.Because they bind heterotrimeric G proteins

c.Because they bind FAK

d.Because they bind MAPK

e.Because they bind Sos

QUESTION 7

Why isn’t tubulin considered a G protein?

a.Because it doesn’t propagate a signal in a signalingpathway

b.Because it doesn’t bind to GPCR

c.Because it doesn’t bind to a GEF or a GAP

d.Because it doesn’t undergo transautophosphorylation

e.Because it doesn’t bind GTP

1.Which of the following is a cellsurface receptor? (select any/all answers that apply)

2.Which of thefollowing can act as an intracellular second messenger (selectany/all answers that apply)?

3.GEFs:

4. Calmodulin binds calcium ionsvia:

5. Which of thefollowing resides on the intracellular side of the plasma membrane(select any/all answers that apply)?

6. An activated GPCR typicallyfunctions as a(n) _____________ for its associated heterotrimeric Gprotein.

7. GTP-binding to the alpha subunitof a heterotrimeric G protein causes (select any/all answersthat apply):

8. IP₃receptors: (select any/all answers that apply)

9. CaM kinases:(select any/all answers that apply)

10. The primary or most proximateevent that accounts for light-induced hyperpolarization of photoreceptors is:

11. A man with a genetic mutationexpresses a defective form of the cation channel responsible forthe

1.Which of the following is a cell surface receptor? (selectany/all answers that apply)

2.Which of the following can act as anintracellular second messenger (select any/all answers thatapply)?

3.GEFs:

4. Calmodulin binds calcium ions via:

5. Which of the following resides on theintracellular side of the plasma membrane (select any/allanswers that apply)?

6. An activated GPCR typically functions as a(n) _____________for its associated heterotrimeric G protein.

7. GTP-binding to the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric Gprotein causes (select any/all answers that apply):

8. IP₃ receptors: (selectany/all answers that apply)

9. CaM kinases: (select any/all answersthat apply)

10. The primary or most proximate event that accounts forlight-induced hyperpolarization of photoreceptors is:

11. A man with a genetic mutation expresses a defective form ofthe cation channel responsible for the

True or False.
1. Activated Gαs interact with PLC-beta to producephosphatidylinosital 3,4, 5- triphosphate and diacylglycerol.

2. EGF is an example of hormone

3. Ras is an example of the heterotrimeric G protein

4. All members of the G protein coupled receptors have a kinasedomain in the cytoplasmic tall domain.

5. Wnt is an example of the ligand for the RPTK family.

6. GEF activates GPCR receptors.

7. PH domain containing proteins bind to an activated PDGFR.

8. Ligands for GPCR proteins induce dimerization of thereceptor.

9. Grb2 is an adaptor protein that binds to a phospho-tyrosineresidue of an activated PDGFR through a SH3 domain.

10. When a cell has a dominant negative Ras mutation, anintroduction of a constituitively active RPTK mutant will allow Rassignaling.

11. PLC will generate IP3 and DAG from PIP3.

12. Calcium inhibits PKC.

13. cAMP activates PKA.

14. Delta binds to Patched.

15. TGFβ signal stabilizes beta catenin transcriptionfactor.

16. The Notch tail can function as a transcription factor.

17. Wnt signaling destabilizes β-catenin through GSK3 mediatedphosphorylation.

18. Pertussis toxin modifies Gαi protein.

19. MAP kinase activates MAP kinase kinase (MAPKK).

20. cAMP is an example of a second messenger.

21. Adherence junction is enriched with intermediatefilaments.

22. Intermediate filaments are permanent structures that cannotbe dissessembled in any case.

23. Plectin cross links only the intermediate filaments.

24. β- tubulin has an ATPase activity.

25. ARP2/3 is the nucleating protein for the 70 degree branchedmicrotubule structures.

26. Formin is the nucleating protein for the branchedfilamentous actin structures.

27. Thymosin binds to a tubulin dimer, and prevents its additionto the plus end.

28. EB1 binds to the minus end of the microtubule.

29. Microtubules can be severed in the middle by severeingproteins such as Gelsolin.

30. A moleculor motore Dynein moves to the positive end of themicrotubule.

31. Actin has a GTPase activity.

Serious answers only, thank you.

True or false?

1. Activated Gαs interact with PLC-­‐beta to produce phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-­‐trisphosphate and
diacylglycerol. ( )
2. EGF is an example of hormone. ( )
3. Ras is an example of the heterotrimeric G protein. ( )
4. All members of the G protein coupled receptors have a kinase domain in the cytoplasmic tail domain. (
5. Wnt is an example of the ligand for the RPTK family. ( )
6. GEF activates GPCR receptors. ( )
7. PH domain containing proteins bind to an activated PDGFR. ( )
8. Ligands for GPCR proteins induce dimerization of the receptor. ( )
9. Grb2 is an adaptor protein that binds to a phospho-­‐tyrosine residue of an activated PDGFR through a
SH3 domain. ( )
10. When a cell has a dominant negative Ras mutation, an introduction of a constitutively active
RPTK mutant will allow Ras signaling. ( )

What are the issues with restoring populations post-bottleneck vs. preserving species before bottlenecking happens?

Select the true statements regarding antibody (specifically, immunoglobulin G) structure. Both the Fab and Fc fragments contain constant domains. Both the Fab and Fc fragments have variable domains. The antigen-binding site is formed as a combination of variable domains from one heavy and one light chain. The antigen-binding site is located in the Fc fragment. The heavy and light chains are linked by noncovalent and disulfide bonds.

Select the true statements regarding antibody (specifically, immunoglobulin G) structure.

Both the Fab and Fc fragments contain constant domains.

Both the Fab and Fc fragments have variable domains.

The antigen-binding site is formed as a combination of variable domains from one heavy and one light chain.

The antigen-binding site is located in the Fc fragment.

The heavy and light chains are linked by noncovalent and disulfide bonds.

Which of the following statements about antibody structure is NOT true?

Each immunoglobulin consists of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains.

The constant domains are located at the ends of the Y-like fork of the antibody, where they form two identical binding sites for antigens.

The different tertiary structure of the variable domain is responsible for the antigen binding specificity.

The variable domain has different tertiary structure in both the heavy and light chains.

Select the true statements regarding antibody (specifically, immunoglobulin G) structure. Both the Fab and Fc fragments contain constant domains. Both the Fab and Fc fragments have variable domains. The antigen-binding site is formed as a combination of variable domains from one heavy and one light chain. The antigen-binding site is located in the Fc fragment. The heavy and light chains are linked by noncovalent and disulfide bonds.

The antigen binding sites of an antibody molecule are located:

Which one of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the antigen-binding regions of antibody molecules?

A) The antigen-binding sites are formed by juxtaposition of variable regions of one heavy chain and one light chain.

B) The greatest amino acid variability among different antibody molecules is present in the complementarity-determining regions.

C) The variable regions of both light and heavy chains are composed of one immunoglobulin (Ig) domain.

D) The variable regions of heavy and light chains are at the C termini of the polypeptide chains.

E) There are six hypervariable loops in each antigen-binding site of an antibody molecule.

True or False

The immunoglobulin domain is a stable scaffold containing two antiparallel β- sheets upon which to display hypervariable loops.

A) Describe replication. Explain the leading strand and lagging strand, include the enzymes involved and directionality.

How many fatty acids are found in a fat/triglyceride? In aphospholipid? In cholesterol?

A fat/triglyceride has three fatty acids joined by ester bondsto a glycerol.

A phospholipid has two fatty acids joined to glycerol by esterbonds.Cholesterol does not containany fatty acids.

A fat/triglyceride has one fatty acid joined by an ester bond toa glycerolA phospholipid has twofatty acids joined to glycerol by ester bonds.Cholesterol contains three fatty acids that arebound to a steroid.

A fat/triglyceride has two fatty acids joined by ester bonds toa glycerol. A phospholipid has three fatty acids joined to glycerolby ester bonds. Cholesterol contains two fatty acids that are boundto a steroid.

A fat/triglyceride has three fatty acids joined by ester bondsto a glycerol. A phospholipid has one fatty acid joined to glycerolby an ester bond. Cholesterol also contains one fatty acid, but itis bound to a steroid rather than to a glycerol.

None of these answers are correct.

Which of the following compounds is the primary component of an HDL?

Cholesterol ester

Glycerol

Triacylglycerol

Fatty acids

Cholesterol

Which of these best differentiates prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? a prokaryotic cells have a flagella, but eukaryotic cells do not b prokaryotic cells lack a membrane bound nucleus, while eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus c prokaryotic cells have cell walls, but eukaryotic cells do not d prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Cells are categorized as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Classify the characteristics below as being unique to prokaryotic cells, common to both cell types, or unique to eukaryotic cells. Move each description into the correct category.

DNA contained in nucleoid region, contain cystosol, nuclear membrance surrounds DNA, contain DNA, use ribosomes to synthesize prroteins, relatively small typical less than 10um in size.

Describe the major distinguishing features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Specifically address the characteristics unique to each kind of cell AND characteristics they share.

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

prepare a table or diagram that compares the components and characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Be sure to include both (1)similarities- characteristics in common and (2) differences- characteristics unique to each cell type.

Describe two similarities and two differences between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Why do you think eukaryotic cells developed? Describe how eukaryotic cells are similar to a production line.

Explain the differences and similarities between the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells and the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.

What are three similarities and three differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

What was once classified with the amoebozoans:

-flagellates

-paramecia

foraminiferan

euglena

You are given a sputum sample from a pt that maybe infected with bacteria from one of the following genera; mycobacterium .describe the handling of the specimen and how the infectious agent, in this case a bacterial pathogen , is isolated from the sputum sample. .Explain techniques used to isolate bacteria from a clinical specimen using the Learnsmart Lab exercise ,' isolation Methods to support your account. .Discuss how staining techniques maybe applied in the identification of an unknown sample .Discuss each staining each staining protocol . Mention the steps involved & how each step & each protocol would identify or eliminate each of these genera as a suspect. You may refer to other scientific resources , but they should be addition to and not in place of module resources. . Describe the important anatomical differences among these three genera & staining protocols you would use to identify which genus is causing the pt's infection. Essay 2 pages in length double space in font 10-12, using APA format

You are given a sputum sample from a pt that maybe infected withbacteria from one of the following genera; mycobacterium

.describe the handling of the specimen and how the infectiousagent, in this case a bacterial pathogen , is isolated from thesputum sample.

.Explain techniques used to isolate bacteria from a clinicalspecimen using the Learnsmart Lab exercise ,' isolation Methods tosupport your account.

.Discuss how staining techniques maybe applied in theidentification of an unknown sample

.Discuss each staining each staining protocol . Mention thesteps involved & how each step & each protocol wouldidentify or eliminate each of these genera as a suspect. You mayrefer to other scientific resources , but they should be additionto and not in place of module resources.

. Describe the important anatomical differences among thesethree genera & staining protocols you would use to identifywhich genus is causing the pt's infection.

Essay 2 pages in length double space in font 10-12, using APAformat

Describe the important anatomical differences among the three genera Bacillus, Escherichia and Mycobacteria and the staining protocols you would use to identify which genus is causing a patient's infection.

Yesterday, you inoculated two separate overnight cultures ofEscherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Today inthe morning, you realize that you forgot to label the two cultures.Your lab instructor suggests to compare the two cultures under themicroscope and to identify the cultures by carrying out theGram-stain procedure. Which of the following statements is NOTtrue?

A. The Alcohol is used during the Gram-staining procedure tostabilize the crystal violet in gram-negative bacteria.

B. B and D are not correct.

C. Gram staining procedure will lead to purple color ingram-positive bacteria due to the thick cell wall.

D. Staphylococcus aureus has a spherical morphology and formscluster, while Escherichia coli has a rod-shaped morphology. Afterthe Gram staining procedure, Staphylococcus aureus will remainpurple while Escherichia coli will appear pink.

E. Both species display spherical morphology and form cluster.After the Gram staining procedure, Staphylococcus aureus willappear pink while Escherichia coli remains purple.

F. B, C, D are not correct.

Which of the following bacteria has a thin cell wall hidden in the periplasmic space?

A. Staphylococcus aureus, a G(+) coccus.

B. Escherichia coli, a G(-) bacillus.

C. Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a G(-) intracellular pathogen.

D. Mycobacterium bovis, an acid-fast bacterium.