🏷️ LIMITED TIME OFFER: GET 20% OFF GRADE+ YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION →
Log in
Biology
6
answers
0
watching
45
views
11 Dec 2019

Does anyone know Biochem Please help!!!Some questions may have more than on answer...............

2a A liver cell with high cellular ATP and low cytosolic glucose is exporting glucose in response to stimulation by glucagon. CHOOSE ALL(this means more than one answer may be selected) of the following that are consistent with these cellular conditions.

a. glycogen phosphorylase breaks a(1,4) glycosidic bond of glucose residues on the non-reducing ends of glycogen

b. the rate of glycogen synthase is inibited

c. the rate of glycolysis is inhibited

d.the caalytic rate of phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ATP

e the rate of glycogen phosphorylase by ATP

2b..In a muscle or a liver cell, stimulation by hormone adrenaline, leads to________. CHOOSE ALL(that means more than one) of the following that are consistent with these cellular conditions.

a. an increase in the glycogen phosphorylase a form of the enzyme

b. an increase in glycogen synthase a form of enzyme

c. increase in phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase

d. increase in phosphorylation of glycogen synthase

2c.In exercising muscle cells the cellular AMP concentration is high the cell is stimulated by adrenaline. CHOOSE ALL(that means more than one) of the following that are consistent with these cellular conditions.

a. Glycogen phosphorylase is in the form of phosphorylase b

b. Glycogen synthase is in the form of synrhaseb

c The glycolysis rate is stimulated

d. Net glycogen breakdown takes place

e. AMP stimulates the rate of glucose export

f. AMP stimulate the catalytic rate of phosphofructofinase

Watch
6
answers
0
watching
45
views

For unlimited access to Homework Help, a Homework+ subscription is required.

Unlock all answers

Get 1 free homework help answer.
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share
Trinidad Tremblay
Trinidad TremblayLv2
13 Dec 2019
Get unlimited access
Already have an account? Log in
Share

Related textbook solutions

Molecular Cell Biology
8 Edition,
Lodish
ISBN: 9781464183393
Biology: Science for Life with Physiology
6 Edition,
Belk
ISBN: 9780134555430
Biology
2nd Edition, 2013
Openstax
ISBN: 9781947172517
Concepts of Biology
OER Edition,
Openstax
ISBN: 9781938168116
Essentials of Biology
5 Edition,
Mader
ISBN: 9781259660269

Related questions

6. During fasting the liver pyruvate kinase enzyme is :

A. inhibited by phosphorylation by PKA

B. activated by phosphorylation by PKA

C. located in the mitochondria

D. activated by ATP

_______7. Phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase by PKA in the liver:

A. activates of glycogen synthase

B. inactivates of glycogen synthase

C. inactivates of glycogen phosphorylase kinase

D. activates of glycogen phosphorylase kinase

_____8. In the skeletal muscle when a football player runs sprints during practice, the NADH produced in glycolysis at the glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate step is re-oxidized primarily by:

A. Malate dehydrogenase

B. Lactate dehydrogenase

C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase

D. Isocitrate dehydrogenase

_____9. Which of the following compounds is an allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase?

A. Biotin

B. Acetyl CoA

C. NADH

D. insulin

______10. Fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms and certain branched-chain fatty acids can support the net synthesis of glucose because they:

A. are converted to acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate

B. are converted to malonyl-CoA

C. can produce propionyl-CoA which is converted to succinyl-CoA

D. Increase the NAD/NADH ratio

i need question number nine please

Case Study Section 2 – glycolysis
Based on “Monday at the Metabolic Clinic, Adventures in Glycolysis” by Nancy Boury (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)

Background:
You have been chosen for a very competitive undergraduate clinical internship at St. Visintainer’s Hospital and Metabolic Clinic working with Dr. Saccharo, an expert in enzyme deficiency disorders related to glycolysis. Before your first day Dr. Saccharo has asked that you review the reactions of glycolysis and the concept of isoenzymes.

Recall that isoenzymes are groups of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction in that they use the same reactants to product the same products. They may have different genes, tissue expression, developmental timing of expression, and affinities for their substrates. As an example, phosphofructokinase-1 has 3 isoenzyme forms: PFK-L is expressed in the liver and the gene is found on chromosome 21; PFK-M is expressed in the muscle and the gene is found on chromosome 12; and PFK-P is expressed in platelets and the gene is found on chromosome 10.

Question 1:
If a person would be deficient in all 3 forms of PFK-1, this person would .
A. Have lower than normal glycogen stores.
B. Have more mitochondrial activity than normal.
C. Be dead.
D. Produce more energy per glucose molecule because glycolysis would be unregulated.

It is now Monday morning and you are ready to start seeing patients with Dr. Saccharo.

Patient 1:
Ann is a teenager and avid golfer who was referred to the clinic after being refused at the blood drive and tiring easily on the high school golf course during practice. Ann is examined and a blood sample was obtained for analysis of a glycolysis related metabolic panel. The results of her panel is below (levels: + = normal, - = decreased; ++= increased):
Blood Metabolic Panel
Blood Glucose +
Glucose-6-phosphate ++
Fructose-6-phosphate ++
Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate ++
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ++
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate ++
Phosphoenolpyruvate ++
Pyruvate -
ATP -
Red Blood Cell Concentration -
Question 2:
Assuming that Dr. Saccharo is correctly assuming that Ann has a defect in glycolysis, what glycolytic enzyme is the most likely to have the defect based on the blood metabolic profile?
A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. Triose Phosphate Isomerase
D. Pyruvate Kinase
E. Aldolase

Patient 2:
Marie is a 32-year-old mother of three complaining of fatigue and muscle cramps with exercise. She had always blamed her intolerance to exercise on her sedentary lifestyle. However, she recently joined a gym and after a week of aerobics classes went to her physician, who ordered a series of blood tests. The blood work came back with abnormal results, leading to her muscle biopsy and referral to the metabolic clinic. Marie’s blood was subjected to the same metabolic panel used before with the following results:
Blood Metabolic Panel
Blood Glucose +
Glucose-6-phosphate ++
Fructose-6-phosphate ++
Fructose-1,6,bisphosphate -
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate -
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate -
Pyruvate -
ATP -
Red Blood Cell Concentration -

Marie’s muscle biopsy was also analyzed and showed an excess of glycogen.


Question 3:
What is the most likely enzyme deficiency for Marie?
A. Hexokinase
B. Phosphofructokinase
C. Triose Phosphate Isomerase
D. Pyruvate Kinase
E. Aldolase

Question 4:
If you wanted to test the ability of red blood cells to complete glycolysis what compound would you try to detect?
A. Fructose-6-phosphate
B. Aldolase
C. Pyruvate
D. Phosphofructokinase
E. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate


Question 5:
If you used a sample of Marie’s blood for this, what compound could you add to enable these cells to complete glycolysis?
A. Glucose
B. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
C. Insulin
D. Glucagon
E. Fructose-6-phosphate


Patient 3:
Leo is a 25-year-old accountant that is not anemic, has perfect teeth, but has experienced two fainting spells recently. One happened after accidentally drinking a non-diet soda; the other after eating “naturally sweetened” fruit salad. His dentist referred him to Dr. Saccharo’s clinic. Dr. Saccharo suspects Leo may have Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI) and has recommended a closely monitored fructose tolerance test.

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance is a recessive disorder where individuals lack a functional copy of one isoform of the enzyme aldolase, specifically Aldolase B (also known as fructose-1-phosphate aldolase). In the liver, fructose is phosphorylated by Fructokinase to fructose-1-phosphate, then is cleaved by Aldolase B to glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Fructose-1-phosphate is also a known allosteric inhibitor of Glycogen Phosphorylase, the primary enzyme responsible for releasing glucose from glycogen.

Question 6:
As compared to a normal individual that consumes fructose, a person with HFI who ingested fructose would have (select all that apply):
A. High levels of blood fructose
B. High levels of blood fructose-1-phosphate
C. High levels of blood glucose
D. Low levels of blood fructose
E. Low levels of blood glucose


That afternoon Leo undergoes the fructose tolerance test with the following results:

Question 7:
Based on the results of the test, what was the effect of giving Leo the intravenous fructose?
A. A rise in blood glucose levels
B. A decrease in blood glucose levels
C. An increase in glycogen stores
D. A rapid drop in blood pressure


However there were complications: Soon after the test Leo orders and drinks a cup of tea, but after half the cup Leo passes out. Dr. Saccharo orders two sequential blood glucose checks. The first was 50 mg/dl and 15 minutes later Leo’s blood glucose was down to 40 mg/dl. With those results Dr. Saccharo injected something into Leo’s IV and within minutes Leo was back to normal.

Question 8:
From these results does it appear that Leo has HFI?
A. Yes
B. No
C. It is unclear from the results


Question 9:
What did Dr. Saccharo inject into Leo’s IV line?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Glucose
D. Fructose
E. Phosphofructokinase

Dr. Saccharo puts Leo on a restricted diet and orders follow-up visits.

Question 10:
Which of the following foods/ingredients would Leo NOT be allowed to eat?
A. Artificial sweeteners
B. High starch foods, such as potatoes
C. Sweet tea made with cane sugar
D. Any dairy products

Dr. Saccharo puts Leo on a restricted diet and orders follow-up visits.

Case Study Section 2 – glycolysis
Based on “Monday at the Metabolic Clinic, Adventures in Glycolysis” by Nancy Boury (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)

Background:
You have been chosen for a very competitive undergraduate clinical internship at St. Visintainer’s Hospital and Metabolic Clinic working with Dr. Saccharo, an expert in enzyme deficiency disorders related to glycolysis. Before your first day Dr. Saccharo has asked that you review the reactions of glycolysis and the concept of isoenzymes.

Recall that isoenzymes are groups of enzymes that catalyze the same reaction in that they use the same reactants to product the same products. They may have different genes, tissue expression, developmental timing of expression, and affinities for their substrates. As an example, phosphofructokinase-1 has 3 isoenzyme forms: PFK-L is expressed in the liver and the gene is found on chromosome 21; PFK-M is expressed in the muscle and the gene is found on chromosome 12; and PFK-P is expressed in platelets and the gene is found on chromosome 10.

Question 9:
What did Dr. Saccharo inject into Leo’s IV line?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Glucose
D. Fructose
E. Phosphofructokinase

(BIOCHEMISTRY QUESTION)

A. Gluconeogenesis is not just the reverse of glycolysis. Briefly describe one of the steps catalyzed by different enzymes in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

B. Explain how a biochemist might dicover that a certain enzyme is allosterically regulated.

C. What are the regulatory implications for the cell with regard to ATP & AMP, given the relative concentrations of ATP & AMP in a cell?

D. Describe the function of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in overriding the control of gycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver cells in response to lowered blood glucose levels.

E. The human disease beriberi is caused by a deficiency of thiamine in the diet. People with severe beriberi have higher than normal levels of pyruvate in their blood & urine. Explain this observation in terms of specific enzymatic reaction(s).

My Responses: Could you tell me if these are correct? If not, could you provide the correct answer and explanation?

A. Its a cellular process in which glucose is produced from pyruvate, amino acids, lactate, and other biogenic precursors.

B. They might learn that an enzyme is allosterically regulated if that protein or enzyme undergoes a conformational change modulated by the binding of one or more modulators/effectors to alternate sites on the protein, resulting in a change in its activity. And they usually have more than one polypeptide chain.

C. The regulatory implications for the cell would be that all activity would increase and concentrations would go up unless bound to PFK-1 and then the overall activity would drop.

D. Low blood glucose is when glucagon signals the liver to produce and release more glucose (gluconeogenesis) and stop consumption. Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate mediates rapid hormonal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

E. Pyruvate is the product of both carbohydrate and amino acid catabolism that enters cellular respiration in the mitochondria when converted to acetyl-CoA catalyzed by the PDH complex. The first step in the PDH complex reaction is a decarboxylation reaction that cannot be catalyzed without the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). This coenzyme is a derivative of thiamine or vitamin B1.

Weekly leaderboard

Home
Homework Help 3,900,000
Biology 460,000
Start filling in the gaps now
Log in