24. Which of the following best explains why people living near higher latitudes generally have lighter skin than those living near the equator?
a.folic acid is reduced with regular sun exposure b. vitamin D is formed when sun is absorbed by the skin c. increased melanin (pigment) in the skin increases destruction of folic acid d. low levels of folic acid can result in ineffective sperm e. a and d
25. What best describes the above experimental results? a. natural selection b. artificial selection c. inbreeding depression
26. Which statement about allele frequencies is NOT TRUE? a. The sum of all allele frequencies at a locus is always l . b. If there are two alleles at a locus and we know the frequency of one of them, we can obtain the frequency of the other by subtraction. c. If an allele is missing from a population, its frequency in that population is 0. d. If two populations have the same allele frequencies, they will have the same genotype frequencies it. e. If there is only one allele at a locus, its frequency is 1.
27. Disruptive selection maintains a bimodal distribution of bill size in the West African seed cracker. Which of the following provides the best
explanation as to why this is so a. bills of intermediate shapes are difficult to form. b. the birds' two major food sources differ markedly in size and hardness. c. males use their large bills in displays d. migrants introduce different bill sizes into the population each year. e. older birds need larger bills than younger birds.
28. Moles in Australia and North America both have sharp claws for digging and a highly developed sense of smell and are blind. However moles in
Australia are marsupials and in North America they are placental mammals. This is a strong example of? a. a homoplasy b. convergent evolution c. a synapomorphy d. a reversal e. both a and b
31. Which of the following statements is NOT True with respect to human mate choice and the MHC complex a. women that can discern heterozygosity in the MHC complex of men tend to have greater fitness b. women detect this heterozygosity through the appearance cheek skin c. men with more heterozygosity in their MHC genes are more susceptible to HIV and hepatitis d. humans do not mate randomly with respect to their MHC complex genes e. humans do not conform to Hardy Weinberg criteria with respect to MHC genes
32. In the above phylogeny which of the following is a paraphyletic group? a. chimpanzees and mice b. pigeons and crocodiles c. lizards, crocodiles, pigeons and mice d. both a and b
33.Which of the following is a monophyletic group? a. chimpanzees and mice b. pigeons and crocodiles c. lizards, crocodiles, pigeons and mice d. both a and b
34. A woman tests positive for HIV. She has no risk history aside from receiving an injection of vitamins from her doctor who is also her ex
boyfriend. Which of the following does NOT apply to this story? a. knowledge gained from the study of evolutionary biology enabled the case to be solved b. her HIV strain was similar to that of one of the doctor's patients c. her HIV strain was similar to a group of individuals living in a different country d. HIV evolves quickly e. HIV undergoes many mutations
35. Why are sea squirts and frogs in the same phylum? a. they both live near or in water b. they have experienced convergent evolution c. they both have notochords at some stage in development d. they share synapomorphies e. both c and d
36. Which of the following is NOT true? a. In bacteria there is a cost to resistance b. antibiotic resistant bacteria divide more quickly than non resistant bacteria c. snakes resistant to tetrodotoxin are selected for when there are no newts around d. snakes resistant to tetrodotoxin are slower after they eat than nonresistant snakes. e. both b and c
47. The ratites are a group of flightless birds comprising the ostrich, emu, cassowaries, rheas, and kiwis. All share certain morphological
similarities (such as a breastbone without a keel) not found in other birds, but they live on different continents. In the past, some ornithologists
regarded their similarities as homoplasies, but they are now thought to be synapomorphies. Based on this information, you would conclude that the
ratites a. characteristics mentioned are the result of convergent evolution b. share a common ancestor c. characteristics mentioned are the result of reversals d. share homologous traits e. both b and d
49. On an island there are 9 closely related species of frogs. 3 of the species have spots and 6 of them don't. Which of the following is NOT true?
a. The principle of parsimony would be used to determine if spots were an ancestral trait for the 9 species. b. if the 6 that don't have spots are all in the same branch (clade) it is possible that spots were lost c. if the 3 that do have spots are all in one branch (clade) it is possible that spots were gained and ancestors lacked spots. d. the ancestral trait has to be no spots because 6 species lack spots and only 3 have them.
