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What is the principle of the Winogradsky column, and what types of organisms does it serve to enrich? How might Winogradsky column be used to enrich organism present in an extreme environment, like hot spring microbial mat?

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Hubert Koch
Hubert KochLv2
30 May 2019
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Related questions

1. Whereas Thiospirillum would ___________, Pelodictyon would__________.
a. be found in region c of the Winogradsky column, be found inregion b of the
Winogradsky column
b. be found in Volume 2 of Bergey’s Manual of SystematicBacteriology, be found
in Volume 1 of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
c. contain internal sulfur storage granules, form sulfur storagegranules outside the
cell.
d. All of the above
e. A and C

2-The purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodospeudomonas generallylives
photoheterotrophically in the Winogradsky column. Trent isinterested in the resilience of this bacterium and so he take the“time share” Winogradsky column home, agitates it thoroughly andleaves it for several weeks in a dark room. What happens toRhodospeudomonas?
a. The cells die because they lack an energy source.
b. The cells become colorless and livechemoheterotrophically.
c. The cells form endospores.
d. The cells begin to employ anaerobic respiration.

3-Just then, Nikki and Jeslyn spy some tourists who have arrived atlower geyser basin in a snow coach. Some of the tourists havejumped out and begun drawing in the microbial matt with sticks.Nikkie and Jeslyn decide to educate these tourists about themicrobial composition of the area. All of the following are thingsthat they might tell the tourists EXCEPT
a. Certain microoroganisms in this area produce enzymes that enableamplification
of DNA.
b. Some of the bacteria in this area are capable of converting N2gas to ammonia.
c. Some of the bacteria in this area may form resting structuresthat are resistant to
desiccation.
d. Many of the bacteria in this area are oxygenic phototrophs andthus they provide
the O2 that we need in order to breath.
e. The bacteria that comprise this matt are in the genusNitrosomonas and they are
nitrite oxidizers.

4. While Nikki and Jeslyn are talking with the tourists, Kyle andAaron seize the moment to take a small sample of the microbial mattfrom the stick the tourists were using. They know they will be ableto isolate the enzyme nitrogenase from this sample.Nitrogenase
a. would be most active in oxygenic phototrophs when photosystem IIis being used.
b. would be more active in Nostoc heterocysts than in other cellsof a trichome.
c. would be more active in cells in the upper 1/8th inch of themicrobial mat in
Yellowstone’s upper and lower geyser basin.
d. synthesizes starch in akinetes.

5. Rather than traveling to snowy Yellowstone, Kristina, Courtneyand Sarah N. have
decided to travel to the Utah Canyonlands to observe thecryptobiotic crust. In Arches
National Monument, they see some tourists “busting the crust”. Theystop the tourists and explain that all of the following areimportant functions of the crust EXCEPT
a. “The anoxygenic phototrophs within this cryptobiotic crustconsume toxic gases
(such as H2S) from our atmosphere thus reducing environmentalpollution.”
b. “When it rains, the cyanobacteria in that crust swell and takeon water which
benefits everything in the soil.”
c. “The cryptobiotic crust (that you just stepped on) preventserosion.”
d. “The cyanobacteria within this crust “fix” nitrogen thus formingforms of nitrogen
upon which all life depends.”

1. what is considered a high concentration of carbon in the environment? 2. what is the most reduced form of oxygen? what is the most oxidized? 3.what is the most reduced form of nitrogen? what is the most oxidized? 4. what can be a sourse of phosphorous for bacteria? or sulfur? 5. if you are making 1 liter of media that requires 1.8 agar, how many grams of agar power do you add? 6. give an example of organic and inorganic nitrogen. 7. if you have dehydrated nutrint broth, what ingredient is required in order to make plates for streaking. 8. explain what its enrichment? what steps did you take in order to enrich for your specific bacteria. 9. if you have dehydrated skim milk agar, what ingredients is required in order to make petri plates for streaking.

  1. What common cytokines induce differentiation of TH1 and TH2subsets?
  2. Put the number of the correct description from Column B beforeeach term in Column. Use each term only once.
  3. Column A Column B

    ___ cytokines
    ___ Tc cell
    ___ pathogen
    ___ active immunity
    ___ MHC molecule
    ___ epitope
    ___ passive immunity
    ___ plasma cells
    ___ Th cell
    ___ adjuvant

    1. generates an immune response after vaccination
    2. the direct transfer of a specific antibody into a host
    3. B cell that secretes an antibody
    4. displays CD8 glycoproteins on its surface
    5. organism that causes a disease
    6. presents antigens to TCR can recognize it
    7. displays CD4 glycoproteins on its surface
    8. immunologically active region of an antigen
    9. enhances the immunogenicity of antigens
    10 molecules that signal cells to perform functions
  4. Explain why burn victims are at extreme risk for infection.Which type of immunity is compromised in these patients?
  5. What are the three types of cells capable of phagocytosis? Howare microbes recognized by phagocytic cells?
  6. What do reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogenspecies (RNS) do to microbial cells? List one reactive oxygenspecies that phagocytic cells produce
  7. Where are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) located? What TLR wouldrecognize a bacterium that possesses a flagellum? What result doesTLR-bacterium binding produce and how would that trigger an innateimmune response?
  8. What is the acute phase response (APR)? What are the maincytokines and a few of the proteins are involved in it? What doesthis response contribute to innate immunity?
  9. What is septic shock? Describe the role of LPS in causingsepsis.

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