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Compare the processes of substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation to make ATP. How are they different? Similar? Where does the energy come from for each? In each case, describe the energy transfer process(es) that result in ATP formation.

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4 Feb 2019
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Substrate-level phosphorylation:

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What membrane separates the area of high proton concentration from the area of low proton concentration?

Can protons move easily through a phospholipid bilayer? Why or why not?

What process forms the proton gradient? Explain briefly.

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