Post-translational protein modifications are a key mechanism for regulating protein function.

Describe 5 such modifications and provide an example of how they are involved in signal transduction modification.

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10. Covalent post-translational modifications can alter the structure and function of proteins, allowing them to operate in specific regions of the cell, perform specific functions, or interact with specific proteins. In lecture, we discussed several types of covalent post-translational modifications and their roles in protein localization, folding, or function. Choose one example from each of the following categories and describe the modification and, generally, what it does the localization/function of the protein: glycosylation, lipidation, polypeptide attachment.

Protein synthesis. How are proteins made in cells? Using the central dogma and starting with a gene, describe transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications.

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1. Describe the effects of post-translational modifications to specific amino acids on the 3D structure of a protein. Consider the following modifications: phosphorylation at Ser or Thr residues, glycosylation, acetylation of Lys residues, oxidation of sulfhydryl groups, hydroxylation, and proteolysis. Do you know of any other types of chemical modifications on proteins? If so, what are they and how do they modify proteins?

2. Why does virtually every protein contain âunstructuredâ loops?