Energy from __________ is used to generate ATP from ADP and Pi.

a. GDP

b. ADP

c. a proton gradient

d. A Na+ gradient

e. ATP

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Hubert KochLv2

28 Sep 2019

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Related questions

4. Cellular respiration uses two different mechanisms to make ATP from ADP + P_i. Briefly describe each of these processes:

Substrate-level phosphorylation:

ATP synthase:

Which stage/s of cellular respiration use which mechanism to make ATP?

5. The functioning of ATP synthase requires a proton (H⁺) gradient. Answer the following questions about this proton gradient.

What membrane separates the area of high proton concentration from the area of low proton concentration?

Can protons move easily through a phospholipid bilayer? Why or why not?

What process forms the proton gradient? Explain briefly.

Formation of a gradient requires input energy. What molecules provide the input energy for the formation of this particular gradient? What process generated these high-energy molecules? Explain briefly.

6. What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

According to the chemiosmotic theory, an electrochemical proton gradient is used to synthesize ATP in mitochondria. The enzyme that does this is located on the inside of the mitochondrial membrane. The oxidation of carbohydrates and fats is used to pump protons outside the mitochondrial membrane until the steady-state membrane potential is -140 mV and the pH gradient âpH = 1.5. Inside the mitochondrion, pH = 7.0, [ATP] = 1 mM, [Pi] = 2.5 mM, [ADP] = 1 mM, and T = 298 K.

a) Howw much chemical potential is required to synthesize ATP inside mitochondria? Hint: here the question refers to the chemical potential difference between products and reactants = âG of the reaction ADP + Pi -> ATP.

b) How much free energy is made available by moving 1 mol of protons from the outside to the inside? Is this enough to drive ATP synthesis?

c) How many protons must be translocated per ATP synthesized?