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Define the role of descriptive epidemiology.

Analyze specific host and environmental factors that may increase risk of disease susceptibility.

Distinguish between disease (outcome) status and exposure status variables

Describe the strengths of controlled clinic trials.

Distinguish between disease (outcome) status and exposure status variables.

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Jean Keeling
Jean KeelingLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

QUESTION 1

  1. The first person to describe a carcinogen was:

    a.

    Rudolf Virchow
    b.

    Cladius Regaud
    c.

    Percivall Pott
    d.

    George Papanicolau
    e.

    Sidney Farber

QUESTION 2

  1. Who introduced the test for early detection of cervical cancerin 1942?

    a.

    Rudolf Virchow
    b.

    Cladius Regaud
    c.

    Percivall Pott
    d.

    George Papanicolau
    e.

    Sidney Farber

QUESTION 3

  1. All of the following are TRUE about risk factors for cancerEXCEPT:

    a.

    They cause DNA mutation
    b.

    Some can be avoided
    c.

    Some can be inherited
    d.

    They guide patient management
    e.

    They increase the probability of getting cancer

QUESTION 4

  1. All of the following are proven carcinogens EXCEPT:

    a.

    Tobacco
    b.

    Formaldehyde
    c.

    Soot
    d.

    Saccharin
    e.

    Human papilloma virus

QUESTION 5

  1. Which of the following is true about somatic mutations:

    a.

    They are present in an egg or sperm
    b.

    They can be inherited
    c.

    They can be present in all cells in the individual
    d.

    They can cause cancer family syndrome
    e.

    They cannot be inherited

QUESTION 6

  1. All of the following can be used as a guideline for causalinference of a carcinogen EXCEPT:

    a.

    Strength of association of the exposure with occurrence ofcancer
    b.

    Single correlation study showing exposure with the incidence ofcancer
    c.

    Dose response relation of the exposure and risk of cancer
    d.

    Disease or risk reduction with removal of exposure
    e.

    Biological plausibility of the exposure with the disease

QUESTION 7

  1. All of the following cancers have an infectious causeEXCEPT:

    a.

    Cervical Cancer
    b.

    Stomach Cancer
    c.

    Breast Cancer
    d.

    Liver Cancer
    e.

    Hodgkin lymphoma

QUESTION 8

  1. Medical treatments that cause cancer include all of thefollowing EXCEPT:

    a.

    MOPP chemotherapy for Hodgkin lymphoma
    b.

    Radiation therapy for sarcoma
    c.

    Tamoxifen for chemotherapy
    d.

    Smallpox vaccination
    e.

    Cyclosporine for immunosuppression

QUESTION 9

  1. All of the following are risk factors for breast cancerEXCEPT:

    a.

    Having breast implants
    b.

    Having prior ovarian cancer
    c.

    Having a mother with breast cancer
    d.

    Age
    e.

    Obesity

QUESTION 10

  1. The likelihood of getting cancer from exposure to a carcinogenis related to all of the following EXCEPT:

    a.

    The duration of exposure
    b.

    The geographic location of the exposure
    c.

    The degree of exposure
    d.

    The genetic susceptibility of the exposed person
    e.

    The mode of exposure (e.g., touching it, breathing it,swallowing it, etc).

For this assignment, Part One of your course project, assume the role of Dr. Madness. Your rogue nation seeks global domination. With a bare bones laboratory and your exhaustive microbiological and epidemiological knowledge, you (Dr. Madness) decide that the best way to rule the world is to create and disseminate the perfect biological weapon.

For this part of the assignment, you will develop your weapon from the ground up. Discuss nearly all of the epidemiological criteria related to it, and justify and discuss why it is used and how effective it is. This agent could be a hybrid of other biological pathogens or an entirely new one. If the agent is newly created, there must be some basis and epidemiological support of a similar agent by which you can base your justification. In other words, it will be unrealistic to create an airborne virus that inoculates and kills within one hour. There must be a realistic exposure and incubation time and must be supported through current agent biology or biochemistry (for example, influenza exposure and incubation takes 1–4 days).

Name of Agent: Explain why you chose the name. If it is a biological agent, be sure to provide a taxonomic name

Etiology: This will talk about the genesis of your agent. Where was it discovered? How was it made? How long has it been around? Why was this agent created? What were the social and economic factors of your rogue nation that made Dr. Madness focus on this element of the agent? What are the environmental precursors to this agent? Discuss the interaction among agent, host, and environment.

Identification: This will describe the basics of the agent. Is it a bacteria, virus, toxin, parasite, hybrid, or something else? Discuss how your agent presents within the human population. What are the symptoms in humans? What are the (zoonotic) symptoms in animals? How does the disease progress? Are there stages? Discuss the various stages including length of infection, severity, and the like. What are the diagnostic indicators? How would a doctor be able to identify this agent in a clinic or emergency room?

Laboratory Analysis: How will the agent be identified? Can it be grown in media? What type of laboratory methods can be used to identify the agent (microscopy, chromatography, PCR, and so on)?

Occurrence: This is the epi: who, what, when, where, how, and why of the disease. Where does it happen? When can it be found? Who is most and least susceptible to the agent (risk factors). More exotic and hard to find agents are harder to prevent and control but are also more difficult to initiate an epidemic or pandemic, whereas more generalized and known agents may be easier to cure, but have a much wider swath of causing pandemics. How do socioeconomic factors foster or inhibit the spread of disease?

Reservoir: What is the natural reservoir of the agent? Are there other organisms where this agent can reside without causing disease? Increasing the reservoir can enhance transmission but can also allow for easier identification and treatment in response to it.

Mode of Transmission: Consider inhalation, absorption, digestion, contact, and so forth. If you use multiple modes, justify your selections.

Incubation Period: Provide the range with an average (median) day of disease onset. Does the period change in different socioeconomic status identifiers (sex, age, race, creed, and so on)? Why or why not?

Period of communicability: How long is a person with this agent contagious? Increasing this period also increases the opportunity for study and thus treatment and control.

Susceptibility: Is the agent susceptible to reinfection of the same person? Allowing for this increases morbidity but usually mortality wanes in subsequent infections.

Taking on the role of Dr. Madness, generate your superweapon and describe the weapon using the above mentioned criteria. Remember, the focus in on creating something that becomes difficult to identify, monitor, or treat with prophylaxis. You will write out the proposal as Dr. Madness submitting this to his lead researcher to develop. This proposal should be approximately 6–8 pages in length, but some submissions may be longer.

Submit your Bioweapons and Epidemiology Part One proposal in the assignment area.

Please be sure to review the Bioweapons and Epidemiology Part One Scoring Guide for information on how this assignment is graded.

Project Requirements

To achieve a successful project experience and outcome, you are expected to meet the following requirements.

Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message.

APA formatting: Resources and citations should be formatted according to current APA style and formatting.

Resources: Include all literature cited in the project.

Length of paper: 6–8 typed, single-spaced pages, not including cover page and resource list.

Font and font size: Arial, 10 point.

QUESTION 1 1. The relative importance or burden of a disease within a population will depend on a number of factors including : A. Disease frequency B. Disease severity C. Disease consequences D. All of the above

QUESTION 2 1 . With the epidemiologic transition, there is a reduction in malnutrition and _____ . A. Communicable diseases B. Injuries C. Non-communicable chronic diseases D. Mental health disorders

QUESTION 3 1. A major challenge to developing a burden of disease profile in low and middle-income countries relates to A. Unwillingness to share complete information B. Conflicting disease definitions C. Challenges obtaining information related to cause of death D. All of the above

QUESTION 4 1. The demographic transition describes which of the following changes to society A. Changes in birth and death rates that reflect a modern society B. Declines in mortality followed by a reduction in fertility C. A change in the age structure of the population D. All of the above

QUESTION 5 1. Measures of health status that combine mortality and morbidity data A. Facilitate comparisons both within and across populations B. Help estimate the quantitative health benefits from interventions C. Serve as tools to assist with resource allocation D. All of the above

QUESTION 6 1. The disability-adjusted life year is defined as A. A health gap population summary measure that combines time lost due to disability with that lost due to death B. A measure to compare the gap between the current situation to that of an ideal situation C. A measure that combines the amount of healthy life lost due to morbidity with that lost due to injury. D. Answers B and C

QUESTION 7 1. True or false? A key limitation to mortality-based indicators is that they fail to account for the morbidity caused by disease. True False

QUESTION 8 1. The most widely used composite measure of population health is the DALY, and this epidemiological measure is the sum of morbidity and ________data. A. Years of life lost (YLL) B. Morbidity C. Infant mortality rates (IMR) D. none of the above

QUESTION 9 1. What would be the best source of information on adult and infant mortality (in high income countries)? A. Disease registers B. Vital statistics C. Special survey study D. Hospital clinic statistics

QUESTION 10 1. Which term is best used to describe the proportion of people in a population who have a defined disease at a specific point of time? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 11 1. Which term is best used to describe new cases of disease occurring in a population? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 12 1. Which term is used to describe the absence or presence of illness or disease? A. Demography B. Morbidity C. Mortality D. Vitality

QUESTION 13 1. Mortality (death indicators) include: A. Mortality rate B. Infant mortality rate C. Neonatal morality rate D. All of the above

QUESTION 14 1. True or false? The value of life is often implicit in the way resource allocation decisions are made, which suggests that these decisions should be as explicit, open, and transparent as possible. True False

QUESTION 15 1. _________________is projected as the number one leading cause of disease burden in 2030. A. Ischemic heart disease B. Diabetes mellitus C. HIV/AIDS D. Unipolar depression

QUESTION 16 1. Some of the negative aspects of globalization include A. Greater insecurity of employment B. Poorer housing and sanitation due to rapid urbanization C. Greater vulnerability to environmental degradation D. All of the above

QUESTION 17 1. Current concerns about climate change focus on several developments including A. Rising global average land and sea surface temperature B. Increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions C. Both A and B D. None of the above

QUESTION 18 1. True or false? Diseases carried by mosquitoes are especially sensitive to meteorological conditions because they are vulnerable to changes in the ambient temperature. As a result of changing temperatures, infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue have decreased in incidence and geographic range. True False

QUESTION 19 1. True or false? International cooperation of infectious disease control has a long history that includes obligatory reporting of outbreaks of specific diseases. However, compliance with obligatory reporting has been poor due to economic consequences that have often accompanied notification of disease outbreaks. True False

QUESTION 20 1. True or false? Globalization is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the mid-20th century. True False

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