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1. What are virulence factors? List and describe the different types of virulence factors that can exist?

2. What are the ways in which an organism can evade phagocytosis?

3. Describe what is involved in the innate immune system?

4. Describe what is involved in the adaptive immune system?

5. Describe the importance of normal flora in the body.

6. Why are vaccines advantageous to our immunity?

7. Describe how the immune cells can distinguish from self and non-self.

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Casey Durgan
Casey DurganLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

There are basically three different types of pathogen invasion “strategies” – extracellular, intracellular in non-phagocytes like epithelial cells, and intracellular in circulating phagocytes like Macrophages. That is, some bacteria try to remain outside of the host cells, while other bacteria and viruses get inside different types of host cells and survive there.

A. For EXTRACELLULAR pathogens, describe advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. How does our immune system detect and eliminate such pathogens? Explain two virulence factors that this sort of pathogen can use to survive in its chosen environment.

B. For pathogens that are INTRACELLULAR IN MACROPHAGES, explain how they gain access to macrophages. Describe advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. How does our immune system detect and eliminate such pathogens? Explain two virulence factors that this sort of pathogen can use to survive in its chosen environment.

C. For pathogens that are INTRACELLULAR IN EPITHELIAL CELLS, explain how they enter the epithelial cells. Describe advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. How does our immune system detect and eliminate such pathogens? Explain two virulence factors that this sort of pathogen can use to survive in its chosen environment.

A. There are many autoimmune diseases wherein the immune systemattacks the body's own cells. These diseases seem to indicate aflaw in the immune system, and it seems odd that natural selectionhas not led to an immune system with a better concept of "self".Why have these autoimmune responses remained a part of the immunesystem? What are some situations where it would be advantageous forthe immune system to target the body's cells?

B. Vibrio cholerae is a bacterium that enters the body throughthe fecal-oral route and can lead to severe diarrhea, and in somecases, death. There are an estimated 3-5 million cases per year,with 100,000 deaths resulting from infection.

i. What is the main reason that our body may not wantto induce a potent immune attack of this type of pathogen?

ii. Although vaccines to cholera do exist, they are only about50% effective. Since the bacteria infect the gut, oral vaccinesroutes have been more effective than injected vaccines. What keydifference in our body

Cytokines:

Provide information about the type of cell

Provide information about the role of the particular cell (s) in the immune system and indicate if the cell or molecule functions in the innate or adaptive branches of immunity

Describe where the cells or molecules are found, where they developed and differentiated and where they function (lymphoid organs and structures)

Indicate what types of receptors and markers are expressed on the cells.

For molecules (i.e. cytokine group) indicate what cells produce cytokines, the different cytokine families and how cytokines function.

Identify the ligands binding to the receptors and the type of cell signaling that takes place following receptor ligation

Identify the adaptors and transcription factors formed and the products formed

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