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Compare and contrast the terms pathogenicity and virulence. Use micro organisms such as staphylococcus and the Ebola virus to clarify the difference in these terms. Is either a pathogen? Are they virulent?

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12 Feb 2019
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Related questions

Hypothetically, lets suppose that the Ebola Virus mutated insuch away that its ability to reproduce in our bodies slows byseveral orders of magnitude. The pathogenicity and virulence of thevirus is the same, it is still as deadly and can kill us a few daysafter symptoms appear. However, because of the delay inreplication, we do not experience any symptoms for at least 4-5days post-infection. Explain the relationship between this newstrain of Ebola virus and what is known as the 'Malthusian Trap",which is a theory developed by the Economist Thomas Malthus whichstates, "that populations tend to increase faster, at a geometrical(exponential) ratio, than the means of subsistence, which increasesat an arithmetical ratio and that this will result in an inadequatesupply of the goods". Thus, Malthus early on saw the problem ofover-population. In your answer, (i) discuss the 'Malthasian Trap',(ii) discuss one reason why this novel Ebola strain would allow us,as a population, to be 'trapped' based on Malthus' theory, (iii)and describe why the new strain of Ebola would allow us, as apopulation, to escape the trap based on Malthus' conclusions.

Evolution of Virulence

a. If a pathogen is directly transmitted from person to person, what would be the expectation in terms of evolution of virulence?

b. Explain at least two of the main challenges in developing a vaccine for malaria. You can use a contrast with a vaccine for smallpox or Zika if that helps.

There are basically three different types of pathogen invasion “strategies” – extracellular, intracellular in non-phagocytes like epithelial cells, and intracellular in circulating phagocytes like Macrophages. That is, some bacteria try to remain outside of the host cells, while other bacteria and viruses get inside different types of host cells and survive there.

A. For EXTRACELLULAR pathogens, describe advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. How does our immune system detect and eliminate such pathogens? Explain two virulence factors that this sort of pathogen can use to survive in its chosen environment.

B. For pathogens that are INTRACELLULAR IN MACROPHAGES, explain how they gain access to macrophages. Describe advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. How does our immune system detect and eliminate such pathogens? Explain two virulence factors that this sort of pathogen can use to survive in its chosen environment.

C. For pathogens that are INTRACELLULAR IN EPITHELIAL CELLS, explain how they enter the epithelial cells. Describe advantages and disadvantages of this strategy. How does our immune system detect and eliminate such pathogens? Explain two virulence factors that this sort of pathogen can use to survive in its chosen environment.

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