Evolution of Virulence

a. If a pathogen is directly transmitted from person to person, what would be the expectation in terms of evolution of virulence?

b. Explain at least two of the main challenges in developing a vaccine for malaria. You can use a contrast with a vaccine for smallpox or Zika if that helps.

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Trinidad TremblayLv2

28 Sep 2019

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I NEED A VERY DETAILED EXPERT HELP ON THIS. IT HAS TO BE HALF PAGE LONG AND IT CAN HAVE OTHER SOURCES CITED IN IT AS WELL. PLEASE READ CAREFULLY BEFORE ANSWERING. I WILL LEAVE A VERY GOOD FEEDBACK IF YOU ARE RIGHT. THANK YOU!

In various parts of our class we have dealt with the evolution of virulence.

A. If a pathogen is directly transmitted from person to person, what would be the expectation in terms of evolution of virulence? Explain why that might be. You can give an example, but just the example is not sufficient.

B. Malaria and other vector borne diseases complicate the picture, and a case could be made for moderate virulence as the optimal evolutionary outcome for Plasmodium. Explain why this might be (hint: consider the symptoms and general condition of moderately ill malaria patients, and what this means for transmission ofPlasmodium)

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After roughly 15 years we have the first malaria vaccine going into phase 4 trials. Meanwhile a Zika vaccine is starting phase 2b trials, only 2-3 years after the first major outbreak in Brazil.

A) Discuss in some detail why it is so much more difficult to develop a vaccine for malaria than for e.g. the Zika or rubella virus. I am looking for at least 2 reasons, and a brief explanation of those reasons. Just stating that one is complex and the other simple is insufficient. If that is what you want to say, back it up with facts.

B) Both the CRISPR bacterial defense system and the adaptive immune system in mammals have means to recognize âsignaturesâ of invading organisms. In what way are the two systems different?

1) What is the most efficient and cost-effective way to control infectious diseases? A) variolation C) passive immunotherapy using immunoglobulins B) active immunization by vaccination D) immune testing E) autoimmunization 2) Variolation was first used _______ A) to immunize the Chinese against smallpox. B) to protect individuals against the plague during the Middle Ages. C) to spread smallpox throughout the Native American populations. D) to treat individuals exposed to hepatitis. E) for research purposes in the 20th century. 3) Almost a century after Edward Jenner introduced successful vaccination, Louis Pasteur developed vaccine(s) against A) anthrax. B) human cholera. C) rabies. D) influenza. E) both anthrax and rabies. 4) Pathogens may be attenuated for use in vaccines by ______ A) raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells. B) genetic manipulation. C) treatment with formaldehyde. D) genetic manipulation coupled with treatment with formaldehyde. E) genetic manipulation and/or raising the pathogen for several generations in tissue culture cells. 5) Which of the following statements regarding an inactivated vaccine is FALSE? A) It can be produced with deactivated whole microorganisms. B) It can be produced from antigenic fragments of a pathogen. C) It is safer than an attenuated vaccine. D) It is made from mutated forms of the pathogen. E) It is made from pathogens that cannot replicate. 6) Which of the following substances is commonly used to inactivate microbes before using them for vaccination? A) formaldehyde B) aluminum C) mineral oil D) saponin E) aluminum phosphate 7) What type of vaccine is the hepatitis B vaccine? A) inactivated whole pathogen B) attenuated vaccine C) toxoid vaccine D) a recombinant vaccine composed of a single antigen of the hepatitis virus E) a vaccine produced by treating the virus with formaldehyde 8) An infectious disease researcher isolates the pathogen responsible for an emerging disease. The microbe is grown in the lab for many generations. A preparation of the laboratory-grown microbe is treated with ionizing radiation and then tested for its potential as a vaccine. What type of vaccine is this? A) attenuated B) subunit C) combination D) toxoid E) inactivated whole 9) OPV, the attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine, is no longer administered in the U.S.A. because it A) is very toxic. B) does not provide good immunity. C) can revert to wild-type virulence. D) can be spread to contacts. E) can be spread to contacts and can revert to wild-type virulence. 10) Hybridomas are factories for antibodies and are produced by _____ A) combining two virus-infected cells. B) fusing plasma cells with myeloma cells. C) repeated culture of a pathogen until it loses its virulence. D) combining a viral infected cell with a bacterial infected cell. E) combining two bacterial infected cells. 11) The study and diagnosis of antigen-antibody interactions in the blood is known as _____ A) immunology. B) hematology. C) serology. D) cytology. E) histology. 12) Which type of antibody assay is represented in this figure? A) an indirect ELISA C) an indirect immunofluorescence assay B) a direct ELISA D) a western blot E) an immunodiffusion assay 13) Titration is a serological procedure that A) identifies the causative microbe of an infectious disease. B) determines the amount of an antibody in the blood. C) must be done before the western blot test to diagnose HIV. D) is used for blood grouping. E) has been replaced by genetic engineering in isolating the antigen of a pathogen. 14) A woman uses a home pregnancy test kit that tests for hCG hormone in urine. She knows this is a type of antibody assay from the kit brochure. Antibodies reacting with the hormone produce two lines on the test strip. What specific type of antibody assay does this represent? A) a direct immunofluoresence test C) an immunochromatographic assay B) a complement fixation test D) an ELISA E) a neutralization assay 15) The complement fixation test uses red blood cells as the target for complement activation. Test serum containing antibodies is combined with a known amount of antigen in a tube, and then the RBCs and antibodies against the RBCs are added. A positive result for the complement fixation test would be A) a line of precipitate near the bottom of the tube. C) loss of color in the tube. B) a cloudy solution in the tube. D) a fluorescent precipitate. E) a solution that is clear due to precipitation of RBCs.

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