samuelvictor5826

1. Steroid hormone receptors are examples of activators that bind to which regulatory response element:

a. protein binding domain

b. enhancers

2. DNA sites bound by regulatory transcription factors are:

a. promoters

c. poly-A tails

3. The stability of mRNA can be enhanced by:

a. a short poly-A tail

b.presence of short bits of complementary RNAs (miRNA)

c.addition of acetyl groups

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

4. One mechanism by which regulatory transcription factors called repressors are thought to act is by:

a. by binding to specific activators and preventing their binding to DNA

b. by binding to DNA regulatory sequences in competition with activators

1. Steroid hormone receptors are examples of activators that bind to which regulatory response element:

a. steroid binding domain

b. DNA binding domain

c. protein binding domain

d. enhancers

e. silencers

2. DNA sites bound by regulatory transcription factors are:

a. promoters

b.cis-acting elements

c. poly-A tails

3. The stability of mRNA can be enhanced by:

a. a short poly-A tail

b.presence of short bits of complementary RNAs (miRNA)

c.addition of acetyl groups

d. all of the above

e. none of the above

choose the correct answer:

1. You discover a novel DNA-binding protein. what would be the best technique to identify other proteins that interact with your newly identified protein?

A. two-hybrid assay

B. ChIP-Seq assay

C. reporter gene assay

D. ChIP assay

2.Which of the following mechanisms illustrates a form of transcriptional repression that is unique to eukaryotes?

A. repressors blocking RNA polymerase by binding an operator site within the promoter

B. repressors recruiting enzymes to modify groups on histones to compact chromatin

C. repressors binding to a site near an activator binding site where they interact with and inhibit the activator

D. repressors recruiting enzymes to modify groups on histones to loosen chromatin

3.Which one of the following gene families is not under the control of a group of regulatory elements called a locus control region (LCR) or a global control region (GCR)?

A. human globin genes

B. mouse globin genes

C. mouse HoxD gene cluster

D. S. cerevisiae mating-type genes

1. Which of the following distinguishes the sequences andfunction of prokaryotic from eukaryotic promoters?

Only prokaryotic promoters contain conserved sequences

Only eukaryotic promoters contain conserved sequences

Only in eukaryotes are accessory proteins required for bindingof RNA polymerase

Only in prokaryotes are accessory proteins required for bindingof RNA polymerase

None of the above

Answers (1) and (4)

Answers (2) and (3)

Which of the following distinguishes the sequences and function of prokaryotic from eukaryotic promoters?

Only prokaryotic promoters contain conserved sequences

Only eukaryotic promoters contain conserved sequences

Only in eukaryotes are accessory proteins required for binding of RNA polymerase

Only in prokaryotes are accessory proteins required for binding of RNA polymerase

None of the above

Answers (1) and (4)

Answers (2) and (3)

Amongst RNAs, which of the following RNA types found in cells are relatively unstable?

mRNA

rRNA

tRNA

snRNA

All are equally unstable

Answers (2) and 3)

Answers (2), (3), and (4)

What is relationship between poly (A) tail length and mRNA translation in eukaryotes?

There is no relationship

Poly (A) tails are involved in binding of mRNA to the tRNAs

Long poly (A) tails impart shortened translation to mRNAs

Long poly (A) tails impart lengthened translation to mRNAs

There are no poly (A) tails in eukaryotic mRNAs, they are only in prokaryotic mRNAs

Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) play a role in which of the following processes?

DNA replication functioning as primers

RNA synthesis functioning as transcription initiation factors

RNA processing functioning as catalysts of intron removal

Translation by linking the mRNA with the ribosome

Addition of the 5’-7-methylguanine (CAP)

What is the role of sigma protein in mRNA synthesis in prokaryotes?

Forms the primer for mRNA synthesis

Termination of mRNA synthesis

Binding of RNA polymerase to promoters

Forming stem-loop structures in mRNA

Degradation of mRNA

Protection of mRNA from degradation

None of the above, sigma protein has no role in mRNA synthesis

1. Which of the following distinguishes the sequences andfunction of prokaryotic from eukaryotic promoters?

Only prokaryotic promoters contain conserved sequences

Only eukaryotic promoters contain conserved sequences

Only in eukaryotes are accessory proteins required for bindingof RNA polymerase

Only in prokaryotes are accessory proteins required for bindingof RNA polymerase

None of the above

Answers (1) and (4)

Answers (2) and (3)

2. Amongst RNAs, which of the following RNA types found in cellsare relatively unstable?

mRNA

rRNA

tRNA

snRNA

All are equally unstable

Answers (2) and 3)

Answers (2), (3), and (4)

3. What is relationship between poly (A) tail length and mRNAtranslation in eukaryotes?

There is no relationship

Poly (A) tails are involved in binding of mRNA to the tRNAs

Long poly (A) tails impart shortened translation to mRNAs

Long poly (A) tails impart lengthened translation to mRNAs

There are no poly (A) tails in eukaryotic mRNAs, they are onlyin prokaryotic mRNAs

4. Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) play a role in which of thefollowing processes?

DNA replication functioning as primers

RNA synthesis functioning as transcription initiationfactors

RNA processing functioning as catalysts of intron removal

Translation by linking the mRNA with the ribosome

Addition of the 5’-7-methylguanine (CAP)

5. What is the role of sigma protein in mRNA synthesis inprokaryotes?

Forms the primer for mRNA synthesis

Termination of mRNA synthesis

Binding of RNA polymerase to promoters

Forming stem-loop structures in mRNA

Degradation of mRNA

Protection of mRNA from degradation

None of the above, sigma protein has no role in mRNAsynthesis

1. Which of the following distinguishes the sequences and function of prokaryotic from eukaryotic promoters?

2. Amongst RNAs, which of the following RNA types found in cells are relatively unstable?

3. What is the relationship between poly (A) tail length and mRNA translation in eukaryotes?

4. Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) play a role in which of the following processes?

5. What is the role of sigma protein in mRNA synthesis in prokaryotes?

What is relationship between poly (A) tail length and mRNAtranslation in eukaryotes?

(1) There is no relationship

(2) Poly (A) tails are involved in binding of mRNA to thetRNAs

(3) Long poly (A) tails impart shortened translation tomRNAs

(4) Long poly (A) tails impart lengthened translation tomRNAs

(5) There are no poly (A) tails in eukaryotic mRNAs, they areonly in prokaryotic mRNAs

What is the relationship between poly (A) tail length and mRNA translation in eukaryotes? Explain.

A. There is no relationship

B. Poly (A) tails are involved in binding of mRNA to the tRNAs

C. Long poly (A) tails impart shortened translation to mRNAs

D. Long poly (A) tails impart lengthened translation to mRNAs

E. There are no poly (A) tails in eukaryotic mRNAs, they are only in prokaryotic mRNAs

1. Which of the following distinguishes the sequences and function of prokaryotic from eukaryotic promoters?

Only prokaryotic promoters contain conserved sequences

Only eukaryotic promoters contain conserved sequences

Only in eukaryotes are accessory proteins required for binding of RNA polymerase

Only in prokaryotes are accessory proteins required for binding of RNA polymerase

None of the above

Answers (1) and (4)

Answers (2) and (3)

2. Amongst RNAs, which of the following RNA types found in cells are relatively unstable?

mRNA

rRNA

tRNA

snRNA

All are equally unstable

Answers (2) and 3)

Answers (2), (3), and (4)

3. What is relationship between poly (A) tail length and mRNA translation in eukaryotes?

There is no relationship

Poly (A) tails are involved in binding of mRNA to the tRNAs

Long poly (A) tails impart shortened translation to mRNAs

Long poly (A) tails impart lengthened translation to mRNAs

There are no poly (A) tails in eukaryotic mRNAs, they are only in prokaryotic mRNAs

4. Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) play a role in which of the following processes?

DNA replication functioning as primers

RNA synthesis functioning as transcription initiation factors

RNA processing functioning as catalysts of intron removal

Translation by linking the mRNA with the ribosome

Addition of the 5’-7-methylguanine (CAP)

5. What is the role of sigma protein in mRNA synthesis in prokaryotes?

Forms the primer for mRNA synthesis

Termination of mRNA synthesis

Binding of RNA polymerase to promoters

Forming stem-loop structures in mRNA

Degradation of mRNA

Protection of mRNA from degradation

None of the above, sigma protein has no role in mRNA synthesis

Comparing mRNA molecules from human and E.coli cells, which of the following is not typically true?

a. A human mRNA has a special 5' cap, while bacterial mRNA does not

b. A human mRNA has a poly a tail, while baterial mRNA does not

c. A typical human mRNA encodes one protein, while many bacterial mRNAs encode several different proteins

d. All of the above are true.

1.Comparing mRNA molecules from human and E. coli cells, which of the following is not typically true?

A. A human mRNA has a special 5' cap, while bacterial mRNA does not.

Identify all the true statements about bacterial transcription (there may be more than one correct answer).

5. Which of the following statements regarding eukaryotic transcription is FALSE?

a. RNA polymerase II has a critical carboxy-terminal domain that is phosphorylated during

active transcription.

b. General transcription factors are designated TFII followed by a number, and they function in initiation of transcription across the eukaryotic genome.

c. The most highly transcribed eukaryotic genes contain CpG islands upstream of their transcription start site rather than TATA boxes.

d. Distal enhancers, like promoter-proximal elements, are composed of several small, 6–10 bp functional sequence elements.

1.) Which of the following describe a difference in transcription between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Select all correct answers.

A - Control of transcription in eukaryotes is affected by chromatin structure, which is lacking in prokaryotes.

B - Specificity and efficiency of transcription are mediated primarily by DNA-binding proteins in prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes.

C - Bacterial transcriptional control sequences are generally much closer to the genes being transcribed than those of eukaryotes.

D - Eukaryotes do not have operons and therefore do not transcribe genes with similar functions together.

2.) Which of the following types of RNA are transcribed by RNA polymerase II? Select all correct answers

A - snRNA

B - tRNA

C - rRNA

D - mRNA

E - siRNA

F - miRNA

3.) Which of the following statements regarding eukaryotic transcription are TRUE? Select all correct answers

A - General transcription factors are designated TFII followed by a number, and they function in initiation of transcription across the eukaryotic genome.

B - RNA polymerase II has a critical carboxy-terminal domain that is phosphorylated during active transcription.

C - The most highly transcribed eukaryotic genes contain CpG islands upstream of their transcription start site rather than TATA boxes.

D - Distal enhancers, like promoter-proximal elements, are composed of several small, 6-10 bp functional sequence elements.

4.) Which of the following does NOT correctly match a molecular technique with the purpose for which it is used?

A - Linker scanning mutagenesis: identification of specific sequences that control transcription in a large regulatory region

B - DNase I footprinting: identification of the portion of a specific DNA sequence to which a particular known protein binds

C - Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP): genome-wide identification of the DNA binding sites of a specific protein

D - EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay): detection of protein-protein binding activity of transcription factors upon protein purification.

5.) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A - Multiple types of activation domains are activated by the binding of other molecules such as co-activators and ligands.

B - Hormone binding to nuclear receptors induces their movement from the nucleus to the nucleolus in order to promote rDNA transcription.

C - The amino acid sequence of the linkage between activator and DNA-binding domains in transcriptional activator proteins is critical for their function.

D - Activation domains across eukaryotic species are often rich in basic amino acid residues.

Which of the following prezygotic barriers occurs after successful mating?

1. Two bird species have different mating calls, occupydifferent habitats in nature, and when they hybridize, the hybridsare infertile. Which isolating mechanisms maintain thesespecies?

2 IS SKIPPED

3. Species formation among alpine buttercups in New Zealand waspromoted by

4. The model that assumes that evolution proceeds with slowsuccessive change in a given evolutionary line is referred toas

5. In the southeastern U.S., two species of wild lettuce(Lactuca) do not usually form hybrids, because they bloomat different seasons. The means of isolation appears to be

6. Males of several marsupial species have forked penises thatare incompatible with female placental mammals. This is an exampleof what type of isolating mechanism?

7. A single seed lands on one of a group of isolated islands.Several million years later, its descendants have evolved into anumber of new species on the different islands, representing avariety of trees, vines, and herbs. At that point in time, we havean example of

8. A type of isolating mechanism that leads to reproductiveisolation after a hybrid zygote has formed is called a_____________ isolating mechanism.

9. A virgin pine forest covers a valley, and one of theinhabitants is a red squirrel species. A large volcanic eruptionoccurs and separates the valley with a huge lava flow that thesquirrels cannot cross, thus producing two isolated populations ofsquirrels. What change needs to occur for the two populations ofsquirrels to become separate species?

10. An example of temporal isolation would be

Please answer all.

3) What is the probability of each of the following sets of parents producing the given genotypes in their

offspring?

Parents Offspring Probability

a. BBDD x BbDD BbDD

b. BbDd x BbDd BBDd

c. BbDd x bbDd BbDD

d. bbDd X BBdd bbdd

4) Duchenne muscular dystrophy is due to a sex-linked recessive gene. A normal male and a

normal female have children. Their first child (a boy) has Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

What are the possible genotypes of a second son (if they had one)?

What are the chances their third son, if they had one, would have the disorder?

What are the genotypes of the mother and the father?

5) In a species of frog the gene for color shows codominance. Frogs that are black and frogs that

are yellow are homozygous. Frog with one black allele and one yellow allele are black and

yellow (i.e. their skin is black with yellow spots). For each of the following construct a

Punnett square and give phenotypic and genotypes and the ratios of the offspring.

a) a yellow frog mates with a black frog
b) a yellow frog mates with a black and yellow frog (i.e. black frog with yellow spots)
c) a black frog mates with a black and yellow frog (i.e. black frog with yellow spots)
d) two black and yellow frogs

6) What are the odds of a couple having a child with blood type Bi if the mother’s blood type is

heterozygous for A and their father’s blood type is heterozygous for B?

7) For each phenotype determine the genotype.

Black spots are dominant to brown spots

Homozygous black _________

Brown spots __________

Long ears are dominant to short ears

Heterozygous ____________

Homozygous for long ears ____________

8) White pigmentation is recessive to red.

Rr x Rr - What percentage of the offspring will be red?________

Rr x rr - What percentage of the offspring will be white? _______

Match the term with the correct definition or example:

A. a peacock hen will only mate with a male with colorful feathers.

B. The anatomy of male and female are not compatible

C. One toad will breed in summer and the other will breed in fall

D. A sterile Mule

E. Tigers and lions both live in Africa, but one lives on the plains and the other lives in the jungle.

F. the sperm and egg do not fuse due to different proteins on their surfaces.

Behavioral isolation __

Temporal Isolation __

Habitat Isolation __

Mechanical Isolation __

Gamete Isolation __

Reduced Hybrid Fertility __

different mating times, either seasonal or diurnal versus nocturnal, are examples of what type of isolation?
temporal isolation
geographic isolation
habitat isolation
depression isolation
mechanical isolation

Temporal isolation refers to mating at different times of the day. True False

E. coli cells are growing in medium containing lactose but no glucose. Briefly describe the consequence of the following changes (one to two sentences for each condition).

a. Addition of high concentration of glucose.

b. A mutation that inactivates galactoside permease.

c. A mutation that inactivates beta-galactosidase.

d. A mutation that affects binding of CAP to c-AMP

e. A mutation that affects binding of inducer to LacI

f. A lac operator mutation that deletes all of the O1

In a particular bacterial cell, β-galactosidase is at high concentrations but β-galactoside permease is at very low concentrations. Which is the most likely explanation?

a. Both glucose and lactose are at high concentrations.

b. Both glucose and lactose are at low concentrations.

c. The operator has a mutation.

d. The promoter has a mutation.

e. One of the structural genes has a mutation.

1) E. coli cells are growing in medium containing lactose but no glucose. Briefly describe the consequence of the following changes (one to two sentences for each condition):

a. Addition of high concentration of glucose. b. A mutation that inactivates galactoside permease. c. A mutation that inactivates beta-galactosidase. d. A mutation that affects binding of CAP to c-AMP e. A mutation that affects binding of inducer to LacI f. A lac operator mutation that deletes all of the O1

2) Describe the allosteric regulation model for transcription termination and briefly indicate how this model can explain both Rho dependent and Rho independent termination reactions.

3)Please provide brief (one sentence) answers:

a) The Mycoplasma chromosome codes for 500 genes, yet it has about 20 promoters. Provide a brief explanation for how this is possible.

b) How many seconds would it take the bacterial RNA polymerase to synthesize an mRNA of 5,000 bases?

c) How many mistakes would the bacterial RNA polymerase make while synthesizing an mRNA of 30,000 bases?

d) Sigma (?) protein by itself does not bind to promoter sites. Predict the effect on transcription of a mutation enabling ? to bind tightly to the –35 region in the absence of other subunits of RNA polymerase.

e) What is the structure of the most common transcription terminator signal in E. coli, and what are 2 conserved features of the RNA sequence of this structure?

f) Why is RNA synthesis not as carefully monitored for errors, as is DNA synthesis?

4) You started work in a transcription lab working a with a novel bacteria phage. You isolated an enzyme that has RNA polymerase activity, and you discovered that your new viral RNA polymerase has a unique property. Unlike E. coli RNA polymerase, which prefers starting transcription with ATP, your new viral polymerase prefers starting transcription with GMP. You know the directionality of RNA chain growth (3’-to-5’ or 5-to-3’) by your new RNAP.

A. Explain in what direction (3’-to-5’ or 5-to-3’) this enzyme synthesizes RNA and how you know this.

B. What other simple experiment can you do to show that your conclusion is correct, provided you have full access to all rNTPs, 3’-dNTPs, 2’-dNTPs?

Consider E. coli cells with the following mutations. What effectwould each mutation have on the expression of the lac operon(assuming no glucose is present)? Make sure to justify youranswer.

(A) A mutant lac operator that cannot bind repressor (1pt)

(B) A mutant lac repressor that cannot bind to allolactose(1pt)

(C) A mutant lac promoter that cannot bind CAP-cAMPcomplex(1pt)

Just to clarify, A, B, and C are situations, and the question isasking what would happen in each situation. Thanks

1.What effect would each of the following mutations have on the function of the lac operon (assuming no glucose is present) with regard to the amount of B-galactosidase transcribed?

A) A mutant lac operator sequence that cannot bind lac repressor

B) A mutant lac repressor that cannot bind to the lac operator

C) A mutant lac repressor that cannot bind to the allolactose

D) A mutant lac promoter that cannot bind CAP plus cAMP

2. You are studying a new operon in bacteria involved in tyrosine biosynthesis.

A) You sequence the operon and discover that it contains a short open reading frame at the 5' end of the operon that contains two codons for tyrosine. What prediction would you make about this leader sequence, RNA transcript, and the peptide that it encodes?

B) How would you predict this operon is regulated; i.e., is it inducible or repressible by tyrosine?

C) Would this kind of regulation (overall) work in eukaryotic cells? Why or why not?

Which Brazilian music genre provided important musical ideas to American Jazz musicians?

What do you call the performance or competition of capoeira?

Why do electronic instruments need to warm-up before use?

the term acid jazz was supposedly coined by _________________?

which brazilian musical genre provided important musical ideas to american jazz musicians?

sheets of sound refer to who?

why do we allow electronic instruments to warm-up before use?

What are the standard movements/steps associated with the tango?

Beethoven’s ninth symphony departed from the standard conception of the symphony through its use of_________.

What are the standard movements/steps associated with the tango?