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1 Jan 2018

Describe the stages of gene transcription. Genes have special internal DNA sequences that form hairpins and specify a transcription pause. Explain in a mechanistic manner how these sequences affect the rate of transcription and discuss their potential benefits for transcription and translation.

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Beverley Smith
Beverley SmithLv2
4 Jan 2018
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Related questions

Answer the following True or False questions and briefly explain your answers.

True or False EXPLAIN: Most human cells, in a single individual, contain the same amount and type of DNA

True or False EXPLAIN: Most human cells, in a single individual, contain the same amount and type of protein.

True or False EXPLAIN: Once a gene is transcribed, it is always translated immediately.

True or False EXPLAIN: RNA polymerase binds to the promoters of all genes at all times, so that it is prepared for transcription.

True or False EXPLAIN: Some transcription factors are general (they play a role in the transcription of most or all genes), while other transcription factors are specific to just a few genes.

True or False: EXPLAIN Turning genes on at the right time and place requires both specific regulatory DNA sequences and specific regulatory proteins.

You have discovered a new gene Ć¢Ā€ĀœXĆ¢Ā€Ā that appears to be regulated by 3 transcription factors (E2F, SP-1 and C/EBPa). Another gene Ć¢Ā€ĀœYĆ¢Ā€Ā appears to also be regulated by these same proteins. Both genes are involved in cell cycle initiation but gene Y is expressed later in the cell cycle than gene X.

The DNA sequence at the promoter region is GCGCCAATGTGCTGACAGTTAATTAGGGCTA

The known DNA consensus sequence for each Transcription Factor is:

E2F Ć¢Ā€Ā“ GCCAATGTGCTGA

SP-1 Ć¢Ā€Ā“ GCTGACAGTTAA

C/EBPa Ć¢Ā€Ā“ ACAGTTAATTAGG

It is not known which protein(s) are binding to their respective DNA consensus sequences. It is possible for one protein to be interacting with one another and not directly to the DNA. It is also possible for a transcription factor to use all or only a majority of the DNA consensus sequence. Both scenarios are possible. Discuss in general how protein:DNA and potein:protein interactions occur at the molecular level. Propose an explanation for what you believe may be happening and then design a series of experiments that will investigate the regulation of Gene X and Gene Y. All proteins and gene sequences are known. You have a large well-funded lab.

QUESTION 3

What is the purpose of chromatin-remodeling enzymes in human cells?

The enzymes control the rate of translation of an mRNA transcript

The enzymes add phosphate or methyl groups to histone tails

The enzymes slide nucleosomes farther apart or closer to each other

The enzymes send damaged proteins to the proteasome for degradation

The enzymes cause DNA looping to occur

QUESTION 10

If you can drink milk as an adult, it means that you have inherited a mutation in the an enhancer for your lactase gene (the gene that encodes the enzyme you need to break down lactose). Predict the effect of this mutation:

The mutation changes the number of domains in the enzyme, which makes it work more efficiently

The mutation changes the amino acid sequence of the lactase protein

The mutation increases the number of copies of the lactase gene that will be found in your genome

The mutation changes whether the lactase sequence is found in an intron or exon

The mutation affects the expression of the lactase gene

QUESTION 12

What determines where in the genome a transcription regulator will bind?

Transcription regulators bind to the 5' UTR region of a gene

Regulators bind via complementary base-pairing to certain DNA molecules

Covalent bonds form between the transcription regulator and the atoms of the DNA backbone

Every eukaryotic gene has a different transcription regulator that will bind to the 5' end of the gene

Transcription regulators bind to specific DNA sequences via multiple weak non-covalent interactions

QUESTION 15

What is the histone code used for?

Phosphorylation and acetylation of DNA affect its ability to be compacted

Changes to the sequence of DNA change whether DNA will wrap around histone proteins

Covalent modifications of histones affect the ability of the transcription initiation complex to form

Histones provide the codon sequences needed for translation to occur

The histone code affects which amino acids will get added to a polypeptide

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