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which abiotic transformation are most likely to occur in soil and groundwater systems for each of these chemicals? explain how you figured out answer

a) n-butyl chlorid

b)2,4-dichlorophenol

c)carbon tetrachloride

d)mirex

e)trinitrobenzene

f)malathion

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Patrina Schowalter
Patrina SchowalterLv2
21 Feb 2018
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5. Some bacteria live in deep sea vents where no light penetrates, yet are still capable of producing their own reduced carbon (e.g. fixing carbon dioxide). These organisms are classified as

(A) photoheterotroph (B) photoautotroph

(C)chemoheterotroph (D)chemoautotroph

(E) organotroph

6. Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of

(A) ammonium ion to nitrogen gas. (B) nitrogen gas to ammonium ion.

(C)nitrate ion to nitrogen gas. (D)ammonium ion to nitrate ion.

(E) nitrate ion to ammonium ion.

7. Which of the following is true of complex media?

(A) Bacteria grow faster on them than on synthetic media.

(B) All the chemical components and their concentrations are known.

(C)Complex media are the most difficult of all to prepare.

(D)Complex media can help determine the metabolic capacity of an organism.

(E) They are also called minimal media.

8. Which of the following types of growth media contains blood?

(A) minimal media (B) complex media

(C)defined media (D)enriched media

(E) selective media

9. The bile salts and crystal violet in MacConkey lactose plates prevent the growth of Gram-positives. These additives make the MacConkey plate a

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(C)minimal medium. (D)selective medium.

(E) differential medium.

10. You discover a new bacterial efflux pump that moves an uncharged toxin out of the cell using the proton motive force as the energy source. This new transporter can be classified as an

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(C)electroneutral antiporter (D)electroneutral symporter

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11. Which of the following involves nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor?

(A) photosynthesis (B) aerobic respiration

(C)fermentation (D)anaerobic respiration

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(C)aerobic respiration (D)anaerobic respiration

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17. Which of the following nutrient uptake systems does not require cellular energy?

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(C)ABC transporters (D)group translocation

(E) All of the above require energy expenditure by the cell

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(A) proton motive force (B) NADH

(C)phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) (D)ATP

(E) No energy is required for ABC transport.

19. Which of the following is true of all biofilms?

(A) They only contain a single species of bacteria.

(B) Biofilms can form on a range of biotic or abiotic surfaces.

(C)Cells in a biofilm are dormant until the bacteria leave the biofilm.

(D)Biofilms are composed of a single monolayer of EPS.

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20. The heterocyst cells of cyanobacteria are specialized for

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1

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1

Which of the following will accelerate transformation of the landscape?

A

Wildfire

B

Increasing temperature

C

Drought

D

All of these answers are correct

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2

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2

Water vapor is a by-product of which of the following?

A

Wind hitting the turbulent surface of the oceans

B

Rain

C

Metabolism of plants and animals

D

Respiration in plants and animals

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3

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3

How does incomplete combustion occur?

A

Incomplete combustion, the reactant burns in oxygen, producing a limited number of products.

B

When there isn't enough oxygen to allow the fuel to react completely to produce carbon dioxide and water.

C

Incompletecombustion is a form of oxidation otherwise known as a fire, in which large amounts of heat and light energy are released, which often results in a flame.

D

Incomplete combustion is the slow, low-temperature, flameless form of combustion, sustained by the heat evolved when oxygen directly attacks the surface of a condensed-phase fuel.

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4

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4

The average car emits how many pounds of carbon dioxide a year?

A

10,000 pounds

B

3,000 pounds

C

8,000 pounds

D

12,000 pounds

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5

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5

Which of the following is a characteristic of methane?

A

A molecule released by one ant so that other ants can follow its path

B

A molecule released by a bee to signal nestmates to organize

C

Lifetime in the atmosphere is brief (10-12years)

D

A compound produced by a bacterium that inhibits nearby fungi.

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6

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6

Which of the following is the best sink for atmospheric methane?

A

The greenhouse gases

B

The carbon bases located on land

C

The hydrogen radical in the ocean

D

Hydroxyl radical in the troposphere

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7

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7

What would the temperature of the earth be without a natural greenhouse effect?

A

32 degrees F

B

18 degrees F

C

98 degrees F

D

9,941 degrees F

E

0 degrees F

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8

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8

Which of the following will affect the global population the most due to a changing climate?

A

Computer manufacturing

B

Adequate oxygen supplies

C

Landscape businesses

D

Adequate water supplies

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9

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9

A "carbon offset" is best defined as which of the following?

A

An increase of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for or to offset a greenhouse gas emission made elsewhere.

B

An industrial induced offset of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases made in order to deprive a greenhouse gas emission made elsewhere.

C

A reduction of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases made in order to compensate for or to offset a greenhouse gas emission made elsewhere.

D

An increase of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases made in order to maintain a greenhouse gas emission made elsewhere.

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10

What is the molecular explanation of why a decrease in oceanic pH will cause fish and coral death?

A

All three answers are correct

B

Acidic pH denatures proteins

C

Acidic pH denatures lipids

D

Acidic pH denatures carbohydrates

Unanswered

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3) Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, which of the following parties is responsible for collecting and analyzing levels of regulated contaminants in New Mexico drinking water

a) US EPA

b) State Drinking Water Bureau

c) Public drinking water suppliers

d) Homeowners with private water wells

4) Albuquerque relied entirely on groundwater for it's drinking water until 2008, when it began also using surface water supplied by the San Juan-Chama project. Once the water utility started blending chlorinated surface water with treated groundwater, one would expect that exposures to disinfection byproducts to increase within the population served by the water utility.

True

False

5)

The half-life of methylmercury in the blood is approximately 70 days. This toxicokinetic measure is one of the main reasons that the FDA fish consumption guidelines include not only pregnant women but all women of reproductive age.

True

False

6) Some groundwater in New Mexico is naturally high in uranium, a metallic element associated with increased cancer risk and kidney toxicity. Which of the following options would a public water utility be legally allowed to use under the SDWA to address uranium levels in their water which exceeded the uranium MCL.

A. Blend their water with other water much lower in uranium to reduce levels below the MCL

B. Change to a different water source that meets the uranium MCL.

C. Provide uranium filters to all their water customers with instructions with how to install on their house tap.

D. Notify customers of high uranium content and provide water consumption guidelines similar to FDA fish consumption advisory.

E. All the above

F. A and B Only

7) Under the Safe Drinking Water Act, chemicals known or suspected of being human carcinogens are permitted to be present in public drinking water.

True

False

8) A real estate developer in Santa Fe wants to create a "Totally-Green" community for wayward Hollywood types that features on-site wastewater recycling, 100% solar energy, and drinking water supplied solely by a large community rainwater collection and storage device called the "Earth Mother" He indicates to prospective clients that this will be a very exclusive community consisting of just 20 individual households, each situated on roughly five acres of land. Based on these characteristics, this community would be exempt from SDWA rules and regulations.

True

False

9) Which of the following factors might regulators take into account when considering whether to revise lower the MCL for a particular water contaminant.

a) Magnitude of health protection afforded by lowering MCL

b) Additional cost associated with reducing contaminant levels to meet revised MCL

c) Technological feasibility of lowering contaminant level to meet revised MCL

d) All the above

10) In 2015, investigators from Virginia Technical University collected samples of tap water from 252 households in Flint Michigan and analyzed them for lead content. They found that 40% of the samples contained lead in excess of 5 ppb and 10% of the samples (90th percentile) contained greater than 25 ppb of lead. Several samples exceeded 100 ppb and one sample exceeded 1,000 ppb. One reasonable explanation for this wide variation in water lead levels from one house to another in Flint would be variation in the presence and prevalence of leaded plumbing in each household.

True

False

11) Which of the following toxicological principles best explains why cancer-causing water contaminants are much more likely to have a Maximal Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) of zero compared to contaminants associated only with non-cancer effects.

a) Differing toxicokinetics

b) Inorganic versus non-organic effects

c) Shape of dose-response curve

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