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11 Dec 2018

29. What's the primary purpose of the signalling molecule.
a. acts as switch to turn on some cells.
b. it is involved in the transcription process
c. it prevents neighboring cells from having direct contact
d. translates mrna into specific amino acid sequence

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Reid Wolff
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11 Dec 2018

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I have excerpted a short section of the actual DNA sequence from a gene in E. coli. This gene is transcribed using an alternate sigma factor, whose consensus binding sequence is GAACTT in the -35 region and TCTGA in the -10 region. 5’-

GATCAAGGGCGGATATCCGAGCGGGTTCAGAACTTTTGTTATCGCATGCTCGATTCTGCATGTATATCTAGGAAGATACATGGCGATGAAAAAGTTGCTCATAGC-3’ 3’-CTAGTTCCCGCCTATAGGCTCGCCCAAGTCTTGAAAACAATAGCGTACGAGCTAAGACGTACATATAGATCCTTCTATGTACCGCTACTTTTTCAACGAGTATCG-5’ A.

Possible promoter regions are indicated in red, but I haven’t indicated on which strand each promoter is located or which way it is pointing. Investigate these promoters. How many are there? On which DNA strand is each one located? How strong is each one? Does it matter which one is used? Why or why not? B. First transcribe the mRNA that would be produced from this gene, and then translate the first 6 amino acids from the mRNA. C. This protein is located in E. coli’s outer membrane, and is involved in contact-dependent growth inhibition. Why would an alternate sigma factor be used to transcribe it? D. Sketch a diagram showing how this protein could produce a signal that would inhibit E. coli’s growth when the cell density was high enough for cells to contact each other.

5. Alpha amanitin is a drug that binds RNA polymerase andprevents it from functioning in the cell (this is the compound thatis found in poison mushrooms). The reason people die when theyconsume alpha amanitin is:

a) Alpha amanitin prevents gene expression from occurring in thecell

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d) Alpha amanitin binds to nuclear pores preventing thetransport of messenger RNA into the cytoplasm

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a) an origin and RNA polymerase

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Questions 7 and 8. You are studying two species of closelyrelated snakes, one species lives in sandy desert area and has paletan skin and the species lives in a volcanic rock area and has darkbrown skin. You a sequence the DNA from each type of snake anddiscover a gene encoding a protein that transports pigment into theskin cells. The pigment transporter protein is responsible for skincolor. When you analyze the DNA coding sequence of the pigmenttransporter from each snake you find these two DNA sequences (hashmarks have been added to indicate the reading frame):

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b) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are very dissimilar

c) that the amino acid sequence of the pigment transporters forthe two proteins are identical

8. Since the skin color is different in each snake, you concludefrom the sequence data above that:

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b) the DNA sequence encoding the entire gene for pigmenttransporters in these two snakes is different

c) that one of the codons in the gene for the pigmenttransporter in these two snakes is different

9. You are analyzing eukaryotic cells that have been exposed tothe radioactive uracil. In most cells the radioactive uracil isinitially localized in the nucleus and then moves from the nucleusto the cytoplasm. However, you observe that in some cells theradioactive molecules stay in the nucleus and never arrive in thecytoplasm. This is most likely a defect in:

a) the transcription of the DNA

b) the processing of the mRNA

c) the translation of the RNA

d) the labeling of the RNA

e) the replication of the DNA

10. Which of the following is true of both eukaryotic andbacterial transcription? (select all that are true)
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b) Messenger RNAs must be spliced before translation begins inorder to produce the appropriate gene product

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d) Termination of transcription occurs when the RNA polymerasetranscribes a hairpin structure in the RNA followed by a string ofU

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Which of the two major categories of the chemical reactions in photosynthesis is oxygen the INDIRECT product?

A

Glycolysis

B

Oxidative phosphorylation

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Both light and dark

D

Light independent phase (LIP)

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Light dependent phase (LDP)

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You have a stomach flu characterized by vomiting. Which of the following systems is most responsible for the food in your stomach going the wrong way, e.g. vomiting? (Disregard this question and answer choice B)

A

Cardiac Muscle in the large intestine as discussed in class.

B

Smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract

C

Smooth muscle in the blood vessels

D

Skeletal muscle in the intestine

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Proteins are made from which of the following smaller sub units?

A

Nucleotides

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Amino acids that cannot enter the blood stream and go to cells

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Monosaccharides

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Fatty acids

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Amino acids which can form new protein

16

Carbohydrates are digested in the gastrointestinal system into which of the following substances that is the smallest structure?

A

Polysaccharides that are produced by glucagon

B

Monosaccharides that are produced by insulin

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Monosaccharides

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Polysaccharide

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Which of the following biomolecules has the longest digestion time? In other words, how long does it take for the biomolecule to be catabolized?

A

DNA

B

Lipid

C

Carbohydrate

D

Protein

18

You are sunburned after a long day at the beach. Which one is not an example of UV damage to your skin cells?

A

A mutation can occur in your ovaries

B

A mutation can occur in skin cell DNA that can lead to errors in transcription.

C

Errors can occur during DNA replication.

D

UV light can cause mutations in DNA of skins cells.

E

Thymine bases in your skin DNA bond with each other instead of across the double helix

19

This region, the ______________ (a) tells RNA polymerase where to bind to DNA while this region, the ______________ (b) tells RNA where to start transcription.

A

(a) promoter, (b) open reading frame

B

(a) start codon, (b) methionine

C

(a) promoter, (b) start site

D

(a) start site, (b) promoter

20

The genetic code is used to translate ______________ into ______________.

A

lipids, nucleotides

B

nucleotides,carbohydrates

C

nucleotides, lipids

D

nucleotides, amino acids

E

nucleosides, amino acids

21

Transcription of a gene has just completed. What are the next steps (in the correct order) to complete expression of that gene?

A

RNA polymerase makes a copy of DNA into mRNA.

B

mRNA is translated in the nucleus and ribosomal RNA moves into the cytoplasm.

C

Gene expression is completed after transcription.

D

mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and with tRNA they interact to form protein

E

Translation machinery moves into the nucleus and mRNA is translated into protein.

22

How is it that a mutation in DNA stored inside the nucleus of a cell can cause a disease affecting multiple organs?

A

This remains an unanswered question in science that scientists are still trying to figure out.

B

The mutated DNA is expressed in multiple cells through the process of transcription and translation, and the altered protein causes the disease wherever the DNA was expressed.

C

The mutated DNA is expressed in one cell and the altered protein travels to multiple organs to cause disease.

D

The mutated DNA is expressed and the mRNA takes the mutated information to other cells where the altered protein is made to cause disease in that organ.

23

The advantage of sickle cell anemia is which of the following?

A

It decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood cells so that mosquitoes carrying malaria will live

B

It decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood cells so that mosquitoe's blood form will die.

C

It allows the blood vessels to decrease the amount of blood going to the toes and feet.

D

There is none.

24

Which of the following is a purpose of cell division?

A

Cell reproduction

B

Growth

C

Repair

D

All of these

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