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20 Sep 2018

13

Which of the two major categories of the chemical reactions in photosynthesis is oxygen the INDIRECT product?

A

Glycolysis

B

Oxidative phosphorylation

C

Both light and dark

D

Light independent phase (LIP)

E

Light dependent phase (LDP)

14

You have a stomach flu characterized by vomiting. Which of the following systems is most responsible for the food in your stomach going the wrong way, e.g. vomiting? (Disregard this question and answer choice B)

A

Cardiac Muscle in the large intestine as discussed in class.

B

Smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract

C

Smooth muscle in the blood vessels

D

Skeletal muscle in the intestine

15

Proteins are made from which of the following smaller sub units?

A

Nucleotides

B

Amino acids that cannot enter the blood stream and go to cells

C

Monosaccharides

D

Fatty acids

E

Amino acids which can form new protein

16

Carbohydrates are digested in the gastrointestinal system into which of the following substances that is the smallest structure?

A

Polysaccharides that are produced by glucagon

B

Monosaccharides that are produced by insulin

C

Monosaccharides

D

Polysaccharide

17

Which of the following biomolecules has the longest digestion time? In other words, how long does it take for the biomolecule to be catabolized?

A

DNA

B

Lipid

C

Carbohydrate

D

Protein

18

You are sunburned after a long day at the beach. Which one is not an example of UV damage to your skin cells?

A

A mutation can occur in your ovaries

B

A mutation can occur in skin cell DNA that can lead to errors in transcription.

C

Errors can occur during DNA replication.

D

UV light can cause mutations in DNA of skins cells.

E

Thymine bases in your skin DNA bond with each other instead of across the double helix

19

This region, the ______________ (a) tells RNA polymerase where to bind to DNA while this region, the ______________ (b) tells RNA where to start transcription.

A

(a) promoter, (b) open reading frame

B

(a) start codon, (b) methionine

C

(a) promoter, (b) start site

D

(a) start site, (b) promoter

20

The genetic code is used to translate ______________ into ______________.

A

lipids, nucleotides

B

nucleotides,carbohydrates

C

nucleotides, lipids

D

nucleotides, amino acids

E

nucleosides, amino acids

21

Transcription of a gene has just completed. What are the next steps (in the correct order) to complete expression of that gene?

A

RNA polymerase makes a copy of DNA into mRNA.

B

mRNA is translated in the nucleus and ribosomal RNA moves into the cytoplasm.

C

Gene expression is completed after transcription.

D

mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and with tRNA they interact to form protein

E

Translation machinery moves into the nucleus and mRNA is translated into protein.

22

How is it that a mutation in DNA stored inside the nucleus of a cell can cause a disease affecting multiple organs?

A

This remains an unanswered question in science that scientists are still trying to figure out.

B

The mutated DNA is expressed in multiple cells through the process of transcription and translation, and the altered protein causes the disease wherever the DNA was expressed.

C

The mutated DNA is expressed in one cell and the altered protein travels to multiple organs to cause disease.

D

The mutated DNA is expressed and the mRNA takes the mutated information to other cells where the altered protein is made to cause disease in that organ.

23

The advantage of sickle cell anemia is which of the following?

A

It decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood cells so that mosquitoes carrying malaria will live

B

It decreases the amount of oxygen in the blood cells so that mosquitoe's blood form will die.

C

It allows the blood vessels to decrease the amount of blood going to the toes and feet.

D

There is none.

24

Which of the following is a purpose of cell division?

A

Cell reproduction

B

Growth

C

Repair

D

All of these

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Related questions

Please help! Not sure about these questions..thanks

QUESTION 1

An example of an endergonic reaction is

A.

Polymerizing a protein from amino acids.

B.

Breaking a protein down into amino acids.

C.

Breaking down ATP into ADP and P.

D.

Breaking down glucose (using oxygen) to make CO2 and H2O.

QUESTION 2

When ATP breaks down to supply energy for cellular reactions, it often transfers its 3rd phosphate to another molecule. This is called ______, and makes the other molecule _______ reactive.

A.

catalysis . . . more

B.

phosphorylation . . . more

C.

phosphorylation . . . less

D.

polymerization . . . less

QUESTION 3

Which is true of enzymes?

A.

They are highly specific in the reactions they catalyze.

B.

Chemically, most are carbohydrates.

C.

They accelerate reactions by adding energy.

D.

They break down and are used up as they catalyze reactions.

QUESTION 4

What is peristalsis?

A.

Rings of muscle that can contract to close off the stomach at each end.

B.

A gland that secretes saliva.

C.

Coordinated muscle contractions that move the contents of the GI tract.

D.

A stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins.

QUESTION 5

Which is not a component of gastric juice?

A.

H2O

B.

acid

C.

pepsin

D.

amylase

QUESTION 6

What does the enzyme pepsin do?

A.

Completely breaks down proteins into individual amino acids.

B.

Completely breaks down carbohydrates into monosaccharides.

C.

Partially breaks down proteins into smaller polypeptides.

D.

Partially breaks down fats into fatty acids.

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body.

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tso’s Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, “moves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take place” (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, “It produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the body” (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tso’s contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chicken’s proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tso’s is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body. The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tso’s Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, “moves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take place” (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, “It produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the body” (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tso’s contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chicken’s proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tso’s is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum. 1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

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