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16 Aug 2019


Select one of the following two choices to correctly complete each of the statements below.
Answer choices are cell mediated immunity or antibody mediated immunity
involves helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes

[ Choose ]

Antibody-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

is established by B cells that mature in the bone marrow.

[ Choose ]

Antibody-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

provides resistance to tuberculosis and viral infected cells.

[ Choose ]

Antibody-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

is characterized by the release of interleukins.

[ Choose ]

Antibody-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

involves the production of antibodies.

[ Choose ]

Antibody-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

involves granzymes and perforins.

[ Choose ]

Antibody-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

involves plasma cells produced from B lymphocytes.

[ Choose ]

Antibody-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

involves cytotoxic T lymphocytes attacking virus-infected cells.

[ Choose ]

Antibody-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

produces five classes of immunoglobulins.

[ Choose ]

Antibody-mediated immunity

Cell-mediated immunity

requires antigenic peptides to be nested within class I MHC proteins

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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a tool that has been very useful in identifying what parts of the brain do what. Scientists can have a person perform some particular activity and then look for active areas in the brain. How does fMRI work?

A.

It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to electricity levels. The more electrical current in the area, the more active it is.
B.

It takes a picture of the inside of the brain according to blood flow. More blood flow indicates more activity in that area.
C.

It takes images of thin layers of the brain and the more electrical activity in a layer, the more magnetic it is and this shows up in fMRI.
D.

Electrodes attached to the skull can trigger activity in particular brain areas which then trigger a person to perform certain behaviors.
E.

It takes a picture of the brain according to oxygen levels. More oxygen in an area indicates more activity in that area.

The strategy of vaccination to fight diseases uses what type of immunity?

A.

Non-specific immunity
B.

Cell-mediated immunity
C.

Natural immunity
D.

Specific immunity
E.

Passive immunity

If you came into contact with Vibrio, what defense do you have to keep it from even getting to your intestines?

A.

Your skin is an effective barrier against bacteria you come in contact with.
B.

Antimicrobial enzymes in saliva
C.

Acid in the stomach
D.

Mucous membranes in the digestive and respiratory tract
E.

All of the above

What do B cells do when they identify a pathogen?

A.

Engulf and eat it
B.

Kill it
C.

Produce antigens to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
D.

Produce antibodies to bind to the pathogen and memory cells to guard against future infection.
E.

Engage helper T cells to fight the infection

There are chemical signals that call on non-infected cells to help fight a virus. Which are they?

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Complement proteins
B.

Macrophages
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B cells
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Interferons
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Natural killer cells

When someone gets a bone marrow transplant, they have to be quarantined and carefully protected from pathogens for a period of time afterward. Why?

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Bone marrow produces the main cells involved in the specific immune response, so these patients are at special risk of infection until they build up enough marrow to produce sufficient cells.
B.

Bone marrow produces blood cells, so they have insufficient circulation for a period of time so their immune system lacks the energy to fight off any infection.
C.

Anytime a foreign substance, even someone else's bone marrow, is introduced to a body, there is an extra risk of infection.
D.

A common complication of bone marrow transplants is infection, and doctor's don't want the infection to spread to others.
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It's a traumatic procedure, and any extra stress on their body could kill them.

Topic A

1. Indicate to which branch(es) of theimmune system the following statements apply.

Explain your answer.

a) Involves macrophages

b) Responds to viral infection

c) Involves T cells

d) Responds to bacterial toxins

e) Most likely responds following an organ transplant

f) Involves cytotoxic T cells

g) Involves B cells

h) Involves complement

i) Responds to extracellular bacterial infection

j) Involves secreted antibody

k) Kills virus infected self cells

I) Involves the thymus

m) Involves the bone marrow

2. You are given two solutions, one containing protein A and theother the antibody to this protein both at about 5mg/ml. When youadd 1 ml of anti-A to 1 ml of protein A, a precipitate forms.However, when you dilute the antibody solution 20 fold and then mix1 ml of the diluted anti-A with 1 ml protein A, no precipitateforms.

Explain why no precipitate formed with the diluted antibody.

3. An energetic immunology student has isolated protein X.

The student believes it is a new isotype of humanimmunoglobulin.

a)What structural features would protein X have to have in orderto be classified as an immunoglobulin?

b) You prepare rabbit antibodies to (i) whole human IgG, (ii) tohuman λ chain and (iii) to human γ chain.

Assuming protein X is in fact a new immunoglobulin isotype,which of these antibodies will bind to protein X? Explain why?

TOPIC B

4. a) Describe the time course of a typical antibody response totetanus toxoid

b) Outline a vaccination schedule that makes effective use ofthis information.

5. a) Tetanus immunoglobulin from the horse can be used toprotect an individual against tetanus. How is the treatmentadministered and what are the advantages/disadvantages of this formof immunisation? 2

b) Is it possible to confer cell mediated immunity on anunsensitised recipient by transferring cells?

c) Would this be a practical method of immunisation, and whatproblems may be encountered in this type of experiment?

6. If you inject a rabbit with a large protein antigen X andsubsequently harvest the antiserum from the animal, would youexpect the antibodies to X in the antiserum to be monoclonal orpolyclonal?

TOPIC C

7. a) Why, if the immune system is so efficient, do we continueto suffer from infectious diseases?

b) Speculate on the consequences if the immune system were tolose its ability to distinguish self-antigens from foreignones.

c) If a child is born without a thymus gland, what will be thenature of the child's illness

d) If a child were born with a defect in the complement system,say a deficiency in function C3, what would be theconsequences?

8 Considering only combinational joining of gene segments andassociation of light and heavy chains, how many different antibodymolecules potentially could be generated from germ line DNAcontaining 500VL and 4JL gene segments and 200VH. 10DH and 4JH genesegments?

9 During an immune response to antigen, the antibodies producedduring a secondary and subsequent responses have a greater affinityfor antigen than those produced during a primary response toantigen

Explain what is meant by "affinity"

Explain in principle the mechanism which explains the aboveobservation re increasing antibody affinity for antigen insecondary and subsequent responses

True / False Questions

01. _____ Antibody is composed of 2identical long heavy chains and 2 identical shorter lightchains.

02. _____ Variable (V) and constant(C) regions are part of both heavy and light chains.

03. _____ Variable regions for heavyand light chains from the same antibody molecule are alwaysidentical.

04. _____ Variable region of lightchains are encoded by the DNA sequences that contain rearranged V,D, and J segments.

05. _____ Fc part of the antibody isnot important, F(ab’)2 fragment has the same binding andeffector capacity.

06. _____ Fab fragments are generatedby alternative splicing.

07. _____ J chain is used as asurrogate light chain during pre-B cell receptor testing forsuccessful V(D)J rearrangement.

08. _____ Binding of the antigen byantibody is stabilized by disulfide bonds.

09. _____ RAG1/2 are always expressedin B cells at high level, because B cells need RAG1/2 to constantlyrearrange their V regions.

10. _____ “N” (non template)nucleotides are added by TdT.

11. _____ The 12/23 rule is appliedduring class switching.

12. _____ For B cells, V(D)Jrecombination occurs only in the bone marrow.

13. _____ The process of somatichypermutation helps to improve specificity of the antibody.

14. _____ In late pro-B cells, Vsegment is rearranged with DJ segments.

15. _____ Failure to eliminateself-reactive B cells may lead to serious autoimmune diseases.

16. _____ Mature, naïve B cellsexpress IgD and any of the other classes of antibody (IgM, IgG,IgA, or IgE) on their surfaces.

17. _____ B1 cells are present in theperitoneal cavity, pleural spaces and brain.

18. _____ AID (activation inducedcytidine deaminase) is expressed only in B cells and it canintroduce breaks in double stranded DNA.

19. _____ Different classes (isotypes)of antibodies have different effector functions, which aretriggered by special receptors expressed by a variety of cells.

20. _____ Plasma cells are terminallydifferentiated cells that produce large quantities ofantibodies.

21. _____ Repeated exposure to thesame antigen eventually leads to immunological exhaustion and lackof immunity, because there is no room for new plasma cells in thebone marrow.

22. _____ Germinal centers arespecialized sites within the bone marrow where Ig genes ofactivated B cells undergo affinity maturation.

23. _____ B cells can present antigensto T helper cells.

24. _____ Co-stimulatory molecules arerequired for efficient generation of memory B cells.

25. _____ Lymphocytes migrate to thelymphoid tissues in response to chemokines.

26. _____ Class switching duringgerminal center reaction is a random process.

27. _____ T cell independent responsescan generate strong and long lasting B cell memory.

28. _____ Fc receptors that arepresent on many different cell types are crucial for removal of thepathogens.

29. _____ The ideal vaccine should bedesigned to mimic the natural course of infection without causingsymptoms of the disease.

30. _____ The protective immunity canbe generated against any pathogen because there is virtuallyunlimited number of possible V regions, thus any antigen can berecognize by an antibody.

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