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If you want to develop a vaccine against HIV, what kind of antibody produced after immunization might be effective in blocking the HIV infection?

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Nestor Rutherford
Nestor RutherfordLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

A. What is the difference between HIV, HIV disease, and AIDS?

B. If AIDS was present in Africa in the 1950s, why did it not appear in the United States until the 1970s?

C. Vaccines have effectively prevented many viral diseases. Attempts over many years to develop an effective vaccine against HIV disease and AIDS, however, have so far met with little success. Why is this so?

D. AIDS increases the risk of Tuberculosis in patients. Provide an explanation for this fact.

1. Septic shock is a serious, often fatal response to an infection in the bloodstream. What type of molecule usually induces septic shock? What receptors are mainly involved in the response? What cytokine plays the major role to cause the death and how?

2. Describe at least six similarities or differences in the antigen-recognition properties of B-cell and T-cell antigen receptors.

3. You cross a BALB/c (H-2d) mouse with a CBA (H-2k) mouse. What MHC molecules with the F1 progeny express on (A) its liver cells and (B) its macrophages?

4. Understand HIV life cycle and viral inhibitor (HIV medicine) development. Why is it difficult to make an HIV vaccine?

Below is a paragraph describing HIV infection as they relate to the progress of infection. Please help choose the correct answer in each parentheses.

HIV initially infects (CD4+, or CD8+, or B) cells. These are helper T cells that activate (CD4+ or ,CD8+ or, B) cytotoxic T cells and (CD4+, or CD8+, or B) cells which produce antibodies. If HIV kills (CD4+, or CD8+) T cells then they cannot to do their job of activating these cells thus causing HIV infected people to be immunocompromised. Sometimes HIV infected people enter a latency period where the virus is inactive. This latency period can last for several years. During latency HIV (DNA, or RNA) becomes integrated into the (CD4+ or CD8+, or B) host cells genome and stops producing viral HIV RNA and new HIV virions. However, for some unknown reason, HIV comes out of dormancy and the viral (RNA, or DNA ) that was integrated in the (CD4+ , or CD8+,) T cell genome begins to transcribe more viral (DNA , or RNA) to make more viral (DNA, or RNA) using the host cells machinery. The viral (DNA, or RNA) then gets translated by host cell ribosomes to make viral proteins that eventually become packaged into new HIV virions. Consequently, after the latency period HIV becomes activated in the host cell. These cells present HIV antigen on their cell surface and alert (CD8+ or CD4+ or B) cells to kill them. As they are killed the infected (CD4+, or CD8+, or B) cells release the HIV virions into the blood stream to infect other (CD4+ or CD8+) cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells. This explains why after latency we see (CD4+, or CD8+) T cells continue to decrease while at the same time viral (DNA, or RNA) levels increase.

Based on your answers to the fill in paragraph, which statement is true?

A. Once active in CD8+ T cells, HIV can now replicate with impunity and infect other cells which explains the increase in HIV RNA after latency.

B. The increase in active HIV after latency accounts for why HIV can remain dormant for years after the initial infection.

C. CD4+ levels stabilize after the latency period and explain why there is little increase in HIV RNA levels.

D. Opportunist infections can occur after HIV latency because there are very few helper T cells to left to activate cytotoxic T cells and B cells to mount an immune response.

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