What affects hormone levels? How is food intake is regulated on a short and long term basis by hormones ghrelin, leptin, peptide YY, and insulin. How do hormone levels affect people?

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Jarrod RobelLv2

28 Sep 2019

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1) Discuss how hormone levels are regulated in the blood. what mechanism controls hormonal release? can the method of hormone transport have an affect on blood hormone levels? Explain. where are hormones metabolized? can some types of hormones be stored? if so, where and which kind ?

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Some of the excess calories we consume are stored as fat glycogen. Excess storage can lead to obesity, which is one of the worldwide health issues in humans. Body weight is regulated by complex brain circuitry involving peripheral factors that primarily work in the brain. Please answer the following questions:

a) John is 30 years old. His height is 170cm and body weight is 88kg. Based on his BMI, is John is obese or not? (1.5 marks)

b) The ob/ob mutant mouse become obese due to mutation in the gene responsible for the production of a polypeptide hormone that affects the adipose tissue mass. What is the name of the hormone and where is produced in the body? (1.5 marks)

c) Pleases explain how the hormone regulates body weight, including the major brain site of its action (1 mark), its effect on appetite (2 marks) and the contribution of brown adipose tissue to the weight regulation. (2 marks)

d) In addition to this hormone, a peptide hormone produced by the gastrointestinal tract also contributes to regulating appetite and energy expenditure. The hormone was discovered by a Japanese group in 1990s. What is the name of the hormone? (0.5 mark) What is the main effect of this gut hormone on food intake, body weight and hunger signals? (1.5 marks)

1. During the oxidation of glucose within a typicalanimal cell, reduced electron carrier such as NADH areproduced. What is the terminal electron acceptor of theelectrons carried by NADH?

2. Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by the betacells of the pancreas in response to elevated levels of bloodglucose. Locally, insulin will inhibit the release ofglycagen from alpha cells in the pancreas, and it will also impactthe metabolism of many peripheal tissues. The actions ofinsulin are best described?

3. What hormone binds to a receptor tyrosinekinase?

4. Besides its role in glycogen synthesis, whatdirectly relies on UDP-glucose?