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Define the following terms and provide an example of how the term/concept applies to microbial ecology.

(a) Bioavailability

(b) Closed system

(c) Carbon: nitrogen ratio

(d) Cell yield

(e) Species

(f) No universal growth conditions

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Trinidad Tremblay
Trinidad TremblayLv2
6 Mar 2019

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Related questions

10. True/false questions. Put a “true” or “false” next to the statement. If true, explain

why. If the statement is false, explain why it is false.

(a) “Because of the recent development of universal growth conditions, the majority of microorganisms are culturable.”

(b) “The addition of high concentrations of charged chemicals (positive or negative) can decrease aggregate formation in soil.”

(c) “In the addition of a genetically-engineered bacterium to a lake, the bacterium would represent an autochthonous population.”

(d) “The behavior of microorganisms is difficult to predict because the environment acts as a closed system.”

(e) “Metal bioavailability is often increased during the secondary treatment in wastewater treatment.”

(f) “The three phases in soil are sand, silt and clay.”

(g) “Only aerobic metabolisms will exist in an aerobic environmental system.”

27. Control of microorganisms.

a. Define sterility, disinfection, and antisepsis. How would you describe the relative toxicity of antiseptics and disinfectants.

b. What are examples of physical methods of control. Which control methods sterilize?

c. How is filtration used.

d. What types of agents are used for chemical control.

e. What is an MIC and MBC. If you were working in a lab, how would you go about setting up an MIC and MBC. What is a disk diffusion assay.

28. Antibiotics

a. How is the term antibiotic defined.

b. What are possible targets of antibiotics (what parts of the cell could be affected)?

c. Penicillins and cephalosporins target the cell wall (peptidoglycan).

d. Antibiotics that affect the ribosome block protein synthesis.

e. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim inhibit folic acid synthesis.

f. Generally speaking, what are mechanisms of resistance.

29. Microbial Genetics.

a. genotype versus phenotype

b. What are genes.

c. How would you describe the structure of DNA. How is DNA replicated in bacteria?

d. How would you define transcription and translation. What is horizontal gene transfer.

e. How would you define the term “mutation”. What distinguishes a point mutation from a frame shift

mutation.

f. How is the Ames test used to identify mutagens.

1. Which of the following is generally a passive process?

a. Inhalation c. Gas exchange

b. Exhalation d. All of the above

2. All living things on earth are characterized by cellular organization, growth reproduction, and heredity. These

characteristics serve to define the term “life”. Other properties commonly exhibited by organisms include movement and

sensitivity to stimuli. Which of the following conditions is a sufficient criterion to define life?

a. reproduction c. sensitivity

b. growth d. All of these

3. Cilia which are hair-like processes found on free surfaces of

certain cells originate from:

a. endoplasmic reticulum c. microtubules

b. centrioles d. cell membrane

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