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9 Dec 2018

The influence of sexual selection on development of characteristics to improve potential for mating highlights the essential process of __________________ for natural selection to cause change in populations.

Unequal reproduction
Equal reproduction
Random reproduction
Asexual reproduction

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11 Dec 2018

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Related questions

Although we generally think of plants and animals as having sexual reproduction, many species can reproduce sexually or asexually. As a consequence, populations of the same species can differ in the proportion of reproduction that is sexual vs. asexual. How will this influence linkage disequilibrium between two loci?

a. Linkage disequilibrium will be relatively high in populations with high frequencies of sex because recombination tends to create linkage disequilibrium.

b. Linkage disequilibrium will be relatively low in populations with high frequencies of sex because recombination tends to create linkage disequilibrium.

c. Linkage disequilibrium will be relatively high in populations with low frequencies of sex because recombination tends to destroy linkage disequilibrium.

d. Selection will tend to destroy linkage disequilibrium in high sex populations.

e. Selection will tend to destroy linkage disequilibrium in low sex populations.

Need help with evolution questions:

1.) A haplotype is best defined as the ________________.

haploid genotypes of all the gametes produced by a diploid individual
ABO blood type conferred by an individual gamete
genotype of either the paternal or maternal chromosomal complement
multilocus genotype of a chromosome or gamete

2.) Which of the following statements regarding linkage disequilibrium is true?

Exists when D is less than zero, but not when it is greater than zero.
Is reduced by sexual reproduction.
Is increased by crossing-over during meiosis.
Is increased by any random sampling error that happens to create or destroy certain chromosome genotypes but not others.

Is reduced by selection that favors certain combinations of genotypes.

3.) Selection on multilocus genotypes in random-mating populations leads to linkage disequilibrium when _______________.

it reduces mutation rates
it eliminates all haplotypes from the population
it prevents crossing-over during meiosis

some allele combinations confer greater fitness than do others

4.) When two loci are in linkage equilibrium, the allele carried on a chromosome at one locus is independent of the allele carried on the chromosome at another locus. When this is the case, _________________.

allele frequencies will not change over time
the two loci (or, more specifically, their protein products) do not interact
the frequency of each haplotype can be calculated by multiplying the frequency of its two alleles

all possible haplotypes occur at equal frequency

5.) Which of the following accurately characterize(s) Muller's ratchet model for the selective advantage of sexual reproduction?

Drift establishes linkage disequilibrium because multilocus genotypes with few mutations are eliminated by chance events.
In populations without sexual reproduction, deleterious mutations accumulate, eventually imposing such a burden that the population goes extinct.
Sex is favored selectively because it recreates the zero-mutation genotypes lost due to drift.
All of the above correctly characterize Muller's ratchet model for the evolution of sexual reproduction.

6.) The genetic signature of recent positive selection on a locus is _______________.

high frequency and low linkage disequilibrium
low frequency and low linkage disequilibrium
low frequency and high linkage disequilibrium

high frequency and high linkage disequilibrium

7.) Sexual reproduction is advantageous both in changing environments and in constant environments, compared to asexual reproduction.

True

False

8.) Sexual reproduction causes genetic recombination via crossing-over, which combines genotypes from different parents.

True

False

9.) One reason sex may be maintained in natural populations is proposed by the "Red Queen Hypothesis", which states that.....

genotypes created by sex are created by natural selection over and over
recombination creating novel genotypes that can resist infection by parasites
mutation load is reduced by novel adaptive mutations
the ability of sex to fix multiple

there could be more than one answer or no answer at all

1. _____ Females that reproduce sexually versus asexually are said to incur a “two-fold cost of sexual reproduction.” Which of the following costs are associated with sexual reproduction for females?

A) MALES! That do-nothing lot really does not directly contribute offspring to the next generation. Females would be better off making all daughters.

B) FEMALES! In most natural settings, those daughters compete with their mothers for potential mates and resources needed to successfully reproduce.

C) MITOSIS! Since sexual reproduction can produce many more offspring than asexual reproduction, there are energetic costs associated with the mitotic divisions required to produce those offspring.

D) MEIOSIS! Every time a gamete is produced, the parent loses a little bit of itself. Half to be precise since only half of its genes are passed on to sexually produced offspring.

E) DIVERSITY! Mothers maximize fitness if all offspring are genetically just like them. Sexual reproduction causes genetic diversity, which ultimately lowers the fitness of both parents.

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