1. The shape of hair is determined in part by the pattern of disulfide bonds in keratin, its major protein. How can curls be induced?

Disulfide bonds play an important role in protein structure.Describe which amino acids are involved in forming these bonds, andhow disulfide bonds contribute to specific levels of proteinstructure.

Tissue factor (TF) contains four cysteine residues that form twodisulfide bonds in the native structure of TF. Suppose TF isreduced and unfolded in urea.

If the reduced unfolded protein were oxidized prior to theremoval of the urea, what fraction of the resulting mixture wouldyou expect to possess native disulfide bonds?

A protein has the following sequence: ALKJSCLKEPINWDVKLNCSLKRPILQMNLKCVGILKVN

The sequence contains three amino acids that can form a disulfide bond. However, only two of them actually make a disulfide bond in the protein. Propose a series of experiments that would allow you to determine between which two amino acids the disulfide bond occurs. Pick from: Salting out, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, SDS PAGE, affinity chromatography. HINT: do not overcomplicate the question.