Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?
rapid rate of reproduction
all of the above
ability to grow under controlled conditions
amenability to genetic manipulation
3.
By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.
ribosomes.
a nucleus.
membrane bilayers.
replication machinery.
4.
Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.
intensity
absorption
wavelength
filtering
5.
Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.
generate contractile forces
can rapidly reorganize
are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells
are intermediate in thickness
6.
Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?
cell division
cell motility
vesicle transport
membrane support
7.
DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?
It contains thymine.
It has 5'-to-3' directionality.
It is single-stranded.
It contains uracil.
8.
Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.
prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.
limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.
create a new arrangement of electron shells.
change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.
9.
Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.
mammal
amphibian
bird
insect
10.
If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?
16, 19, 17
16, 19, 15
16, 19, 16
16, 20, 15
11.
Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?
cell
organelle
protein
DNA
12.
Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?
the concentration of each molecule
the size of each molecule
surface complementarity between molecules
the rate of synthesis
13.
Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?
E. coli
S. pombe
C. elegans
D. melanogaster
14.
Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?
cholesterol
isoprene
triacylglycerol
palmitic acid
15.
Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.
anaerobes.
viruses.
parasites.
endosymbionts.
16.
Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?
fat, protein
sugar, fat
sugar, ATP
fat, ADP
17.
Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?
