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You compare the DNA sequences of a protein-coding gene from tworelated species, and note that most of the nucleotide differenceswill cause amino acid changes between the species, whereasrelatively few are silent substitutions. How can amino acid changesaccumulate faster than silent substitutions? Wouldn

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Keith Leannon
Keith LeannonLv2
28 Sep 2019
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Related questions

The effect of base-pair substitution mutations on protein function varies widely from no detectable effect to the complete loss of protein function (null allele).

Part A Why do the functional consequences of base-pair substitution vary so widely? Select the four correct answers.

1. Nucleotide substitutions might not cause changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein.

2. The reading frame of the gene could be affected by base-pair substitution mutations, which almost always leads to lack of function.

3. Nucleotide substitutions in exons always lead to changes of amino acids in the protein.

4. The reading frame of the gene could be affected by base-pair substitution mutations, which rarely leads to lack of function.

5. Missense mutations create amino acid substitutions, which might affect protein functionality.

6. Mutations that occur in the intron sequences generally do not affect protein functionality.

Below you have the sequence of 33 nucleotides(part of a coding region of gene TTr34) from two different species of birds (Species A and Species B). For simplicity, the amino acids encoded by the codons of Species A is also indicated, and รขย€ยœ.รขย€ย indicates the same nucleotide as the one observed in the first sequence.

Pro Gly Asn Thr His Glu Ala Gln Lys Ala Val
Species A CCT GGG AAT ACT CAT GAA GCA CAA AAA GCC GTC
Species B . . G . . T . . C . . . . . . . C . . . . . C . . . T A . . . . T

Use these two sequences to estimate the molecular distances.

a. How many nucleotide changes produce a change in amino acid (nonsynonymous changes)(use the genetic code)?

b. How many nucleotide changes are synonymous (do not cause a change in amino acid)(use the genetic code)?

c. Calculate the molecular distance for synonymous (Ds) and Nonsynonymous (Da) for this gene region without correction. To estimate the total number of synonymous and nonsynonymous sites, assume that 25% of the sites are synonymous and 75% of sites are nonsynonymous.

* Please show all work and explain. *

a hemoglobin with an abnormal electrophoretic mobility is detected in a screening program. Fingerprinting after the tryptic digestion reveals that the amino acid substitution is in the b chain. The normal amino-terminal (digested with trypsin) peptide (Val-His-Leu-Thr-Pro-Glu-Glu-Lys) is missing. A new tryptic peptide consisting of six amino acid terminal residue of this peptide.

a. Which amino acid substitutions are consistent with these data?

b. Which single base changes in DNA sequence could give these amino acid substitutions? The DNA sequence encoding the normal amino terminal region is GTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAG.

c. How should the electrophoretic mobility of the abnormal hemoglobin compare with those of Hb A at pH 8 (would it move quicker or slower to the anode)?

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