A) Explain five (5) challenges amphibians faced when colonizing land and how they solved them. B) Explain the improvements reptiles evolved from the amphibian solutions (the five (5) listed in the question above) to adapt to terrestrial environment

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Sixta KovacekLv2

26 Apr 2018

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1. Invertebrates colonized terrestrial environments independently of vertebrates. However, they faced similar challenges adapting to land. A) Describe three (3) main challenges animals had to face when colonizing land. B) Vertebrates had some key traits derived during their existence in water, which later proved beneficial for colonizing land. Explain how vertebral column, jaws, lungs, and lobed fins paved the way for vertebrates to move from water into land.

C) List 4 different reproductive strategies found in animal species (e.g. parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism, external fertilization, internal fertilization, viviparity, etc). D) For each strategy, describe at least one advantage and one disadvantage.

orangeox422

As explained in the "Great Transformations" video, which one of the following hypotheses, explaining tetrapod evolution, is most widely accepted today?

	A.	limbs evolved after some species had already adapted to living on land
	B.	the first tetrapods evolved from aquatic insects
	C.	limbs evolved in the water, allowing some tetrapods to adapt to life on land
	D.	the first tetrapods had wings, which allowed them to adapt to life outside of water
	E.	none of these answers are correct

The features that evolved in the human supralaryngeal airway which allowed for speech production include:

	A.	a lower larynx, or "voice box"
	B.	an expanded pharynx, or "resonating chamber"
	C.	a shortened tongue
	D.	all of the above

3. The position and shape of the Neandertal (_______) bone may indicate that they possessed the ability to speak.

The aquatic Lake Titicaca frog,Telmatobius culeus, is endemic to high Andean lakes (3812 meters above sea level) and has greatly reduced lungs, but elaborated skinfolds which are well perfused. It has one of the lowest recorded metabolic rates for amphibians at 14.1 Î¼L gL g-1h-1. It also has the smallest reported erythrocyte volume (394 Î¼L g3) for any amphibian, and a reduced O2 carrying capacity of its blood at 11.7 vol %. Based on your knowledge of the oxygen carrying capacity of blood, what might explain the low carrying capacity in T. culeus? When these frogs are submerged at the bottom of these alpine lakes, they occasionally bob by pushing off the lake bottom with their hind legs and floating back down again. What might be the function of this bobbing behavior? How would you quantify this bobbing function?