In the wild, closely related species will occasionally mate, and produce a viable offspring. This offspring is called a hybrid. A diploid male lion with 44 chromosomes mates with a diploid female tiger with 50 chromosomes and this mating produces a viable liger.

a. How many chromosomes would you expect to see in the body cells of this organism?

b. Would the organism be able to form viable gametes through the process of meiosis?
Explain your answer by thinking carefully about the steps of meiotic cell division.

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Irving HeathcoteLv2

26 Aug 2018

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Ploidy refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes (genes) present in a cell. The number of chromosomes in a complete set is a fixed characteristic of a species. Humans are diploid with two sets of 23 chromosomes. Fruit flies are diploid with two sets of 4 chromosomes. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, each somatic cell of an organism has two complete sets ("di" is a prefix indicating 2.). To complete a life cycle and reproduce new members of a species, mating is required. Mating brings a donation from a male and a donation from a female together. However, if the male and female cells remain diploid, the fertilization will result in a tetraploid zygote. In general, these are not viable. A mechanism is needed to form special haploid cells, gametes. The diploid set is split precisely into two complete haploid sets. That mechanism is meiosis.

The complete set of chromosomes of a species is also the complete set of genes of a species, the genome. (Yes, there is a minor contribution from mitochondria and chloroplasts. Inheritance of this information is "cytoplasmic".)

Please answer the following questions:

1. How many chromosomes in a brain cell of a fruit fly? How many chromosomes are in a liver cell of a human? Explain both answers.

2. How many chromosomes are in a fruit fly unfertilized egg? How many chromosomes are in a human egg? Explain both answers.

3. Why is meiosis necessary for sexually reproducing organisms? How many chromosomes are in a human zygote? Relate the two answers.

4. What is a gene allele? Suppose there is a gene called "bingo" and it is present once in a complete haploid set. How many alleles of "bingo" does a diploid individual have? How many copies or versions of the gene "bingo" are present in a diploid individual?

5. Modern DNA sequencing clearly identifies alleles by showing the different DNA sequence of each allele. These alleles may be termed structural alleles (I coined the term for this problem.). Classical genetics only dealt with phenotypes or visible traits. As a result, alleles of genes were identified by functionality, usually normal or non-functional. Using your knowledge of gene structure and gene expression, postulate a relationship between structural alleles and functional alleles. (include relative amounts; more, less, or equal).

1. An animal (called a Box) is diploid, and has 5 types of chromosomes (4 autosomes, 1 pair sex chromosomes). Box sex chromosomes are designated W and Z. Box males are heteromorphic (WZ), and Box females are homomorphic (WW).

Boxes are covered in a thick coat of hair. There is a disease in Box, called hairlessness, that has an inheritance pattern that is W-linked and recessive. The allele used to designate this disease is h. Haired Box are wild-type (allele = h+) and hairless Box are mutant (allele = h). In general (not thinking about Box and hairless) when we say that an inheritance pattern is recessive, we automatically know some things about the genotype of affected/diseased individuals.

A) Is the trait simple, or some other type?

B) Does the presence of one diseased allele cause disease, or are two needed?

C) What other name do we use to describe a heterozygous individual?

In the case of Box and the hairless phenotype, what are all the possible genotypes for a hairless female? What are all the possible genotypes for a hairless male? (You do not need to use complete sentences here)

A heterozygous female is mated with an affected male. Indicate what gametes these two individuals can produce. (You donât need to use complete sentences here)

D) Draw a Punnett square for all the possible offspring that these two Box can create. Place the female gametes across the top of the square, and the male gametes down the left side. Insert a picture of your drawing below.

E) What is the ratio of unaffected to affected female offspring for these parents? For male offspring?

F) Choose one female offspring and one male offspring from the F1 and draw a Punnett Square for a mating between those two individuals (F2). Place the female gametes across the top and the male gametes down the left side. Take a picture of the square and insert it below.

1. Biomes - Match the biome with itsdescription.

Potential Matches:

1 : Coniferous forest

2 : Temperate forest

3 : Tundra

4 : Tropical rainforest

: Caribou, musk ox and lemmingsare common, along with permafrost, mosses and lichens.