Chapter all: Cell and Genomes

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BIO120H1 Full Course Notes

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Cell and genome, cell is defined as the basic unit of life. All things in this world are made up of cells that are enclosed by a membrane having internal material composed of chemical compositions. Internal chemical composition of cell is aqueous in nature and has the ability to divide in copies by growing: cell biology is study of functions and structure of the cell. It describes that cell is the basic unit of life and the related study of cell is called as cytology. Chromosomes are made up of two chromatids that are being attached with the centromere in each and every cell. Figure1. 1: chromosome with its chromatids: heredity is central to life and it is the phenomenon of passing of characteristics and traits from parents to kids. Proteins, dna and rna are required for processing heredity: hereditary material is dna (deoxyribonucleic acid) that is present in all living cells including humans and other organisms.

Related Questions

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

Question options:

	chromatin is one of two identical strands of DNA.
	chromosomes are chromatin that has been tightly packed and coiled.
	chromosomes are composed of nucleosomes and chromatin is composed of sister chromatids.
	chromosomes are important in mitosis and chromatin is essential to meiosis.

Bacterial cells only reproduce asexually and cannot exchange genetic material.

Question options:

	True, because they undergo binary fission.
	False, because they transfer genetic material with other bacterial cells.
	True, because they have a cell wall that prevents sharing of genetic material.

After a visit to a specialist, Dan was diagnosed with liver cancer. Six months later additional tumors were found in his stomach and small intestine. This is an example of

Question options:

	malignant tumors.
	benign tumors.
	Both malignant tumors and metastasis are correct.

Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?

Question options:

	DNA is replicated.
	Replicated chromosomes divide.
	Cells line up along the equator of the cell.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

Question options:

	prophase -- mitotic spindle forms
	metaphase -- chromosomes line up along the equator
	telophase -- cytoplasm divides

Why is hair loss a common side effect of cancer treatments?

Question options:

Hair cells are at the surface of the body so die easily.

Hair cells divide rapidly and so are targeted by the cancer drugs.

Cancer drugs often target and kill random cells within the body.

From "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer," how are endostatins used to treat cancerous cells?

Question options:

	They prevent angiogenesis by cancerous cells.
	They promote growth of new blood vessels to feed cells.
	They bind to receptors on cancerous cells and prevent cells from reproducing.

Please give a brief answer for each question:

1. What are the functions of the Golgi complex, which parts oftheir structures help them to play those roles? which type ofprotein you never find in golgi complex?

2. In human body, meiosis is restricted in?

3. Asters definition, structures and functions?

4. Common features of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes divisionprocess?

5. Which protein for chromatids separation before the journey tospindle poles?

6. Difference between somatic and germline cell?

7. Roles of carbohydrates in cell structures and livingactions?

8. Which organelle contain enzyme such as H2O2 as a by product?Detail its structure and function?

9. Which is the site in biosynthetic pathway where final sortingdecision are made to target protein to the cell surface, lysosomesor secretary granules

10. Which exact place in nucleus are to produce and to assembleribosomes

11. Detail the feature of telophase in meiosis?

12. Which life cycle occur in flowering plants? Detail thefeatures of this type of lifecycle?

- Same question with fungi?

13. What are the kinetochores and their functions?

14. Unique characteristics of Meiosis I that different fromMeiosis II and mitosis?

15. Types of transportation in cell?

16. Detail the Robert Whitakerâs proposal?

17. Lysosome and Peroxisomes differences?

18. Microtubules and Intermediate filaments differences?

19. What are the plastids and their functions? s

20. Cell use which structures for their internal movement?

21. Gametes produced from where and what types of cell?

22. What is the point where replicated chromosomes attach to themicrotubules of the spindle apparatus?

23. Which theory proposed to explain the possible origin ofchloroplasts and mitochondria?

24. Types of fibers in mitosis spindles and their function?

25. Dark reations of photosynthesis occur where inchloroplast?

26. Centriole structure is a ring of how many groups ofmicrotubules?

27. The Cart Woese proposal?

28. Function of Peroxisomes?

29. Functions of Mitochondria DNA

30. Detail the structure of cell membrane?

31. Which structure are the cell power reducer and are the siteof cellular respiration

32. Which structure will never been found in the plant cell butin the animal cell?

33. What are the motor protein and their function in cell?

cyanllama909

Question 9

Codominance is a form of inheritance in which two different allelesfor a gene are both expressed, and neither allele is dominant overthe other. One example of codominance is fur color in cattle; thealleles for red fur and white fur are codominant. If a homozygousred cow and a homozygous white bull mate, what would you expect tofind in their offspring?.912.l.16.2>

They will all have white fur.

Their fur will be a mixture of red and white hairs.

Their fur will be a lighter shade of red.

They will all have red fur.

Question 10

If a tRNA molecule has an anticodon which reads AUG, what will itmatch up with and what amino acid is it carrying?
.912.l.16.5>

	U		C		A		G
	UUU	Phenylalanine	UCU	Serine	UAU	Tyrosine	UGU	Cysteine	U
U	UUC	Phenylalanine	UCC	Serine	UAC	Tyrosine	UGC	Cysteine	C
	UUA	Leucine	UCA	Serine	UAA	Stop	UGA	Stop	A
	UUG	Leucine	UCG	Serine	UAG	Stop	UGG	Tryptophan	G
	CUU	Leucine	CCU	Proline	CAU	Hisitidine	CGU	Arginine	U
C	CUC	Leucine	CCC	Proline	CAC	Hisitidine	CGC	Arginine	C
	CUA	Leucine	CCA	Proline	CAA	Glutamine	CGA	Arginine	A
	CUG	Leucine	CCG	Proline	CAG	Glutamine	CGG	Arginine	G
	AUU	Isoleucine	ACU	Threonine	AAU	Asparagine	AGU	Serine	U
A	AUC	Isoleucine	ACC	Threonine	AAC	Asparagine	AGC	Serine	C
	AUA	Isoleucine	ACA	Threonine	AAA	Lysine	AGA	Arginine	A
	AUG	Methionine/Start	ACG	Threonine	AAG	Lysine	AGG	Arginine	G
	GUU	Valine	GCU	Alanine	GAU	Aspartate	GGU	Glycine	U
G	GUC	Valine	GCC	Alanine	GAC	Aspartate	GGC	Glycine	C
	GUA	Valine	GCA	Alanine	GAA	Glutamate	GGA	Glycine	A
	GUG	Valine	GCG	Alanine	GAG	Glutamate	GGG	Glycine	G

It is carrying arginine and will match with a CGU codon on themRNA.

It is carrying methionine and will match with a TAC codon on theDNA.

It is carrying methionine and will match with a UAC codon on themRNA.

It is carrying tyrosine and will match with a UAC codon on themRNA.

Question 11

While the DNA in a human skin cell was being replicated, a singlebase was miscopied. What will be the most likely result of this forthe cell in which it happened?.912.l.16.3>

All the proteins the cell creates from the miscopied strand willdo different jobs than the old ones.

If the new sequence codes for the same amino acid as theoriginal cell, it will function normally.

Both new DNA strands will end up together in a new cell, and theinaccurate one will be discarded.

Any miscopied DNA will be replaced with an accurate DNA copyonce the cell divides.

Question 12

A ferret's haploid number of chromosomes is 20. How would thenumber of chromosomes in the ferret's body cells compare to thenumber of chromosomes in its gametes?.912.l.16.17>

Its body cells would have 20 chromosomes, and its gametes wouldhave 40 chromosomes.

Its body cells and gametes would both have 40 chromosomes.

Its body cells and gametes would both have 20 chromosomes.

Its body cells would have 40 chromosomes, and its gametes wouldhave 20 chromosomes.

Question 13

A body cell is in the longest stage of its life cycle. The cellgrows, synthesizing proteins and increasing in size. Eventually,the cell will grow too large to carry out normal activities. Whichof the following is the best conclusion you can make about the lifecycle of this cell?.912.l.16.14>

The cell is close to the end of its life cycle, and a chemicalsignal will initiate cell death.

The cell is ready to undergo mitosis, and a chemical signal willsend the cell to prophase.

The cell is in the G1 phase of interphase, and a chemical signalwill send the cell to the S phase.

The cell is in the S phase of interphase, and a chemical signalwill move the cell to the G2 phase.

Question 14

While mRNA strands are being created a sequence is sometimesmiscopied. What is the best possible outcome for the cell shouldthis take place?.912.l.16.5>

The miscopied sequence codes for the same amino acids as theoriginal sequence.

The new sequence creates a protein that serves a differentfunction from the original.

The ribosomes will correct the mistake before the tRNA matchesan amino acid to it.

The mRNA will only be used to create non-critical proteins forthe cell.

Question 15

Over the last several decades, the scientific community hasgathered a large amount of information regarding genetics andgenetic variation. What are two main sources that lead toincreased genetic variation?.912.l.15.15>

Selective breeding

Gamete mutations

Recombination

Genetic drift

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Chapter all: Cell and Genomes

BIO120H1 Full Course Notes

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