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OBHR 2P91 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Punctuated Equilibrium, Virtual Team, Social Loafing

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tangoat417
6 Feb 2015
School
Brock University
Department
Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources
Course
OBHR 2P91
Professor
r

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Document Summary

Define groups and distinguish between formal and information groups. Group two or more people interacting interdependently to achieve a common goal. Interaction is the most basic aspect of a group it suggests who is in the group and who is not. Interdependence means that group members rely to some degree on each other to accomplish goals. All groups have one or more goals that their members seek to achieve. Group memberships are very important for two reasons: They are the social mechanisms by which people acquire their beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors. Groups provide a context in which we are able to exert influence on others. Groups could be formal work groups or informal groups: Formal work groups are groups that organizations establish to facilitate the achievement of organizational goals. They are intentionally designed to channel individual effort in an appropriate direction. The most common formal group consists of a manager and the employees who report to that manager.

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Related Questions

Objectives:

Ý· Learn how individuals contribute to teamwork

Ý· Experience some of the features of group work and teamwork

Ý· Understand what managers and organizational developers do to transform

Ý· groups into teams

Ý· Articulate the tangible benefits (both quantitative and qualitative) of

Ý· high-performing teams

Ý· Finish with an interest in learning more about these concepts and

Ý· techniques to apply what you learn

Background: For this assignment, you will plan and play a game with your family or friends, or at work based on the idea of the classic prisoner's dilemma. If you have had a class on game theory, you will be well aware of this concept. It forms the basis of many TV game shows. The prisoner's dilemma was illustrated in Truman Capote's book, "In Cold Blood" concerning the 1959 robbery of a Kansas farmhouse by Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, who murdered their victims in order to eliminate the witnesses. After the men were captured, the police interrogated them separately. To get a confession, the police offered the men a reduced sentence for cooperating. Failure to cooperate would result in a death penalty charge for both.

In the prisoner's dilemma, if both parties cooperate they are mildly punished; if one betrays another, one is severely punished while the other goes free; and if both betray one-another, both are moderately punished. Can you think of settings where you work in which the organizational structure has created a prisoner's dilemma? Competition can (but does not necessarily) bring out conflict.

In game theory, there are non-cooperative and cooperative games. A non-cooperative zero-sum game has a definite winner and loser. For one to win, one must lose. We often think of politicking as an element of that. A cooperative game is where everyone who plays is better off for having played than not having played the game. That is not to say that everyone is equally well off, but simply better off than they were before playing. Hence, even in a cooperative game, some people will likely benefit more than others.

Instructions

  • Review in your textbook, the Big Five personality dimensions, pp. 82�84, and then consider the 3.1 Personality Insights inventory, pp. 89�91
  • Select four or five friends, coworkers, or family members and have them take the personality inventory
  • Plan and play a game with the participants
  • Write a 5-10 page paper that addresses the assignment questions below


As you plan and play your game, you will negotiate the type of game you want to play and your role in it. Strive to determine some personal characteristics of the game participants a head of time, or by observing them. Consider how the personal characteristics of the individuals in the game manifest themselves in the informal roles they assume during the planning and execution of the game.

For the purpose of this assignment, you will want both a cooperative and a competitive element. To do that, you can form several groups to compete and cooperate with each other, or you can have individuals in one group compete and cooperate. You can use rewards and/or punishments to create the competitive/cooperative motivations.



Evaluation: When groups are formed, we want to consider how organizational structures, processes, and situations impact on group motivation, politics, and goals achievement. Alignment of all of these structural, personal, and interpersonal components will help to ensure that the group will meld into a team. A defining feature of teamwork (versus group work) is cooperation!

One of the factors that affect cooperation is conflict. Conflict is defined as when someone perceives that his/her interests are opposed or negatively impacted by another. Conflict can at times produce positive results depending on the basis for the conflict and how the conflict is handled (functional conflict). The worst kind of dysfunctional conflict produces betrayal.

Note that team performance can be observed in how well the team coordinates their interdependencies, works efficiently, communicates, and accomplishes their mission. Consequently, as you implement your game, assess your players based on these factors and the informal roles they play.

After you have played the game, reflect on the personality assessments your participants took, and then consider how they planned and played the game.

Write a (5- 10) page analysis to address the following questions:

1. How well did the personality assessments reflect in the behaviors participants displayed during the game?

2. What do these assessments tell us about how we perceive ourselves versus how others perceive us?

3. What informal roles did participants assume during the game, and were they different from the planning portion from the playing portion of the exercise?

4. What did I learn about myself? For example, did the exercise show that you have characteristic ways of relating to others that are distinctive, or similar, to those the others? Did the exercise show that in a particular type of situation you acted in a particular way, or that when others acted in a particular way, you felt happy or anxious or angry, etc.?

5. What did I learn about someone else in the exercise? Did you see something new about them, such as "they seemed more capable than I imagined," or "inattentive when things were stressful?"

6. In playing your game, what could you have done to increase cooperative behaviors?

7. Based on your game experience, what are some of the key factors involved in gaining cooperation from people in a business setting?


8. How would you go about getting cooperation from a "difficult" co-worker? Give an example or scenario.



Please provide a unique type of game theory preferably instead of Mafia Game.


Text:

Organizational Behavior and Management 10th Edition

John Ivancevich, Robert Konopaske, Michael Matteson



The primary costs of FDI to host countries are:

Loss of sovereignty and patriotism

Adverse effects on competition and exports

Capital outflow

Loss of sovereignty, adverse effects on competition, and capital outflow

____ suggests that FDI, unrestricted by government intervention, will enable countries to tap into their absolute or comparative advantage by specializing in the production of certain goods or services.

The radical view

The free market view

Pragmatic nationalism

Expropriation

What are the benefits of FDI to home countries?

Repatriated earnings from profits from FDI.

Increased exports of components and services to host countries.

Learning via FDI from operations abroad.

All of these answers

When one firm enters a foreign country through FDI, its rivals are likely to follow by undertaking additional FDI in a host country to:

Create knowledge spillover

Discover a new market for its goods

Overcome and combat market failure through FDI

Acquire location advantages or neutralize the first mover’s location advantages

Most countries practice:

Pragmatic nationalism

Free market based FDI

Government embracing radical view

French patriotism

FDI may be viewed as a reflection of firm motivation to extend firm-specific capabilities abroad and their responses to overcome imperfections and failures.

True

False

Most countries practice a totally "free market" view.

True

False

8. Outsourcing is the process of turning over an organizational activity to an outside supplier, located in a foreign country, which will perform it on behalf of the local firm.

True

False

Financial, physical, and technological resources and capabilities are all tangible assets.

True

False

A firm's resources and capabilities are tangible assets a firm uses to choose and implement its strategies.

True

False

An example of low power distance would be when subordinates address their bosses on a first-name basis.

True

False

Benchmarking is an assessment as to whether a firm has resources and capabilities to perform a particular activity in a manner superior to competitors.

True

False

A country with low-masculinity has a more subtle differentiation between the gender roles.

True

False

Setting up subsidiaries abroad so the work can be performed in-house but in the foreign location is also called captive sourcing.

True

False

Managers in low uncertainty avoidance countries rely more on experience and training than managers in high uncertainty avoidance countries who rely more on rules.

True

False

Informal institutions include laws, regulations, and rules.

True

False

The United States is often classified as a collective society.

True

False

A pure market economy characterized by the "invisible hand" of market forces is noted by

John Stuart Mill

Adam Smith

Aristotle

Amatya Zen

Culture is defined in the text as:

The communication between members of similar location.

The collective programming of the mind, which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another.

The main component of formal institutions.

The attitudes and behaviors characteristic of a particular social group or organization.

When an expat employee returns to her or his current employer but the employer does not provide attractive opportunities, she/he often may be hired by a competitor firm. Why?

Competitor firms are also interested in globalizing their business.

Former expats bring instant expertise and experience.

Competing firms will pay a higher premium for expertise.

All of these answers

The government taking a "hands-off approach" is known as:

Laissez faire

Command economy

Mixed economy

Liberal approach

Expatriate managers make ideal candidates for top management positions.

True

False

____ are defined as rights associated with the ownership of intellectual property.

Patents

Copyrights

Trademarks

Intellectual property rights

In a collective society:

Family units are highly valued.

Being an entrepreneur is a popular mindset

Being different than your neighbor is important.

Outsiders are easily trusted.

Which of the following definitions best defines an expatriate manager?

A manager who works outside his or her native country

A manager of great expertise

An ex-manager rehired for advisory purposes

None of these answers