BIOL 540 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Nucleophilic Addition, Primary Alcohol, Carbonation

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20 Jul 2020

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Organometallic reagents such as grignard reagents (rmgx)react with carbon dioxide (co2) to form carboxylic acids adds one carbon atom to the chain. Nitriles can be hydrolyzed under acidic or basic conditions, yielding a carboxylic acid and ammonia (or ammonium salts) adds a carbon atom to the carbon chain. Mechanism is very similar to the nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl (with aldehydes and ketones), with the exception that the c=o double bond is reformed, and the leaving group is eliminated. Carboxylic acids can be reduced with lithium aluminum hydride (lah) to their corresponding primary alcohols the nucleophilic addition of hydride (h-) to the carbonyl group and elimination of water as a leaving group. Ester formation carboxylic acids react with alcohols under acidic conditions to form esters and water. Carboxylic acids can react with reagents like thionyl chloride (socl2 ) to form acyl halide (rcox)

Related Questions

1. Compounds that are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogenand/or sulfur are:

a. ionic compounds

b. molecular compounds

2. A peptide bond is a...

a. covalent bond

b. intermolecular force

3. In chemistry, what is an R group?

a. a real group

b. a free radical

c. Argon

d. a functional group

4. A hydrogen bond is a type of

a. dispersion force

b. dipole-dipole force

c. covalent bond

d. ion-dipole force

5. In general chemistry, what do weak acids do?

a. accept a proton

b. donate a proton

6. In general chemistry, what do weak bases do?

a. accept a proton

b. donate a proton

7. What happens to a weak acid when it donates a proton?

a. it becomes positively charged

b. it becomes negatively charged

c. it become neutral

8. what happens to a weak base when it accepts a proton?

a. it becomes positvely charged

b. it becomes negatively charged

c. it becomes neutral

9. R groups that cluster in the center of proteins or are foundadjacent to the hydrocarbon chains of membrane phospholipids tendto have R groups with alkyl groups, such as (âCH₃) or(âCH₂âCH₃). Using your General Chemistryknowledge, what bond, force or interaction would form between thesegroups?

a. chemical bond

b. hydrogen bond

c. van der waals interaction

d. covalent bond

10. A amino acid has an R group containing an amide group(âCONH₂), and another amino acid has an R groupcontaining a hydroxyl group (âOH). Using your General Chemistryknowledge, what bond or force would form between these groups?

a. chemical bond

b. hydrogen bond

c. van der waals interaction

d. covalent bond

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Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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Question 601 pts

The is an extensive system of internal membranes responsible for producing carbohydrates and lipids.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

nucleolus

mitochondria

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Life Chemistry LabReport

Elements of Living Organisms
Name the five most abundant elements found in the humanbody.

Cells organize into tissues which work together to form

What is the difference between an atom and an element?

Molecules

Is glucose an atom or molecule? What are the atoms inglucose?

How many bonds can oxygen form?

Is C₆H₁₂O₆ a molecular orstructural formula? What is the name of this molecule?

Based on lab, Section II, draw and label a ball and stickrepresentation of a carbon dioxide, water and ethyl alcoholmolecule. Use circles to designate atoms and lines for bonds, thenindicate the chemical symbol for each atom. Sign, date and preparean image of your drawing and include it with this lab report.

Molecular Make Up of Living Organisms

Name the four groups of organic molecules.

_______ are the most abundant organic molecules in livingorganisms.

Name a polysaccharide, monosaccharide, protein and alipid.

Go to the lab, Section 3, Exercises 2, 3, 4 and 5 to completethe following table:

Type of Organic Molecule	Reagent	Sample Tested	Positive Color	Negative Color
Carbohydrate (starch)	Iodine
Sugar	Benedictâs solution
Lipid (fat)	Sudan IV
Protein	Biuret

Go to the lab, Section 3, Exercise 6 to locate starch in potatocells. Describe the microscopic appearance of starch in terms ofcolor and location within the cells.

Measurement of pH

What substance has an equal number of hydrogen ions(H⁺) and hydroxide ions (OH^-)?

What is the pH of the above substance?

How does the addition of hydroxide ions (OH^-) affectthe pH of your stomach?

Go to lab, Section 4, Exercise 7 to test the pH of commonsolutions. Which solution tested had a pH closest to neutral? Whichsolution was most acidic?

Summary Questions

What is the smallest subunit of carbohydrates?

Which reagent could be used to test for diabetes?

A member of your family has a high blood cholesterol count. Yousee âfat freeâ crackers in the grocery store and decide to test theproduct for the presence of lipids. How would this testproceed?

A family member has been cautioned about eating foods high insugar. Explain how a test could be run for the presence ofsugar.

Explain how to test for the presence of protein in milk.

A friend complains of stomach acidity. Which substance testedmight safely help relieve your friendâs symptoms?

Explain how solutions are classified as acids or bases. Then,give an example of a weak acid.

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BIOL 540 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Nucleophilic Addition, Primary Alcohol, Carbonation

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