BIOL 199 Study Guide - Final Guide: Osteoclast, Ossification, Axial Skeleton
9 May 2018
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Bone Formation
• Bones start as cartilage then undergo ossification to become bones
o Plates of cartilage are maintained so bones can keep growing
• Bones are a matrix of proteins and minerals (specifically calcium and
phosphorous)
• The monomers of bones are called osteocytes
• Bones are constantly changing due to stress
→ Osteoblasts – building bone cells, turn into osteocytes
→ Osteoclasts – breaking down osteocytes
Skeleton Functions
• Provides structure for our bodies
• Protection of vital organs
• Ability for movement
• Bone marrow can produce blood cells or store fat
Repairing Fractures
• Bone fractures are repaired by fibroblasts and osteoblasts
→ Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers which bridge the broken ends of bone
→ Osteoblasts slowly convert the fibers to bone
Anatomy
Axial skeleton – the bones that range from head to spine
Appendicular skeleton – the bones that branch off the axial skeleton (appendages)
Girdles – the bones that connect the axial and appendicular skeletons
Girdles – Example: pelvis
• Not all bones are the same depending on their function
• Bones are alive; they have blood flow and nerves and are organized around
these channels
• Bones have different layers and parts
