BIO 198- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 55 pages long!)

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5 Oct 2017
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Haploid cells that have one copy of each chromosome. Diploid cells that have two copies of each chromosome: note: most animals have a haploid and diploid stages. Polyploid cells that contain more than two copies of each chromosome: note: cells may contain dna from more than the nucleus (nuclear (cid:272)hro(cid:373)oso(cid:373)es(cid:895), su(cid:272)h as dna fro(cid:373) (cid:373)ito(cid:272)ho(cid:374)dria"s or (cid:272)hloroplasts. The (cid:272)hro(cid:373)oso(cid:373)es (cid:272)o(cid:374)tai(cid:374) the dna/ ge(cid:374)es that (cid:272)reate o(cid:374)e"s ge(cid:374)otype a(cid:374)d phe(cid:374)otype. Dna: double helical, has four bases, has strand polarity, is replicated semi- conservatively, strands are antiparallel, hydrogen bonds between bases (two between a and t, three between c and g) The tra(cid:374)s(cid:272)riptase reads fro(cid:373) the 3" to 5" e(cid:374)d a(cid:374)d therefore (cid:272)reates a 5" to 3" complementary strand. Central dogma of biology dna rna protein: note: exception of this is reverse transcriptase when rna is present at first and then is changed to dna. Ribosomal rna rna that plays a crucial role in creating ribosomes which then create proteins.

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