BIO 181 Study Guide - Final Guide: Chloroplast, Blood Orange, Dynein

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20 Petri dishes of radish seeds are prepared as follows: each Petri dish receives with a disk of absorbent, but otherwise inert, filter paper and 5 mL of distilled water are added to each disk, then 2 grams of dry radish seeds are spread over each moist disk. 10 dishes are put in a dark cupboard and the other 10 are put on a sunny windowsill. The investigator checks the dishes daily and adds water equally as needed. Seeds in both treatments germinate within 2 days. At the end of 10 days, the plant material on each Petri plate is dried and weighed. The results are:

â¢Average sunny windowsill dry weight: 2.25 g

â¢Average dark cupboard dry weight: 1.75 g

**Question consists of three parts**

(1) Which of the following correctly lists the independent and dependent variables for this experiment?

A. Independent: Sun.

Dependent: Shade

B. Independent: Amount of light.

Dependent: Plant weight

C. Independent: Plant weight.

Dependent: Amount of water

D. Independent: Amount of water

Dependent: Plant weight

(2) What is the best explanation for why the dark grown seedling lost biomass?

A. The metabolism in the cells of the seeding in the dark increased to compensate for the lack of light energy

B. Cellular respiration needed for growth does not occur as efficiently in plants in the dark as in plants exposed to light

C. Cellular respiration in the cells of the seedlings consumed the starch and oils present in the seeds as sources of energy

D. The seeds in the dark decomposed

(3) What is the best explanation for why the light-grown seedlings gained biomass?

A. Cellular respiration converted chemical energy stored as starch into chemical bind in ATP

B. Photosynthesis converted sunlight to biomass

C. The seeds in the light absorbed oxygen and gained weight

D. Photosynthesis reduced carbon dioxide to glucose

Oxidation reduction reactions are coupled and referred to as redox reactions. Electrons are the atomic particles that participate in chemical bonds and are used by cells to generate an electrochemical gradient across membranes. Cells have require ATP to maintain membrane properties and metabolism, because ATP has high energy phosphate bonds that may be cleaved to release energy. Cells synthesize ATP through phosphorylation. Cells must perform many chemical reactions within a certain temperature, pH and osmolarity range. In general chemical reactions in a cell would occur over time without enzymes, and it might require big changes in temperature. Enzymes are organic catalysts that increase the rate of reactions without being altered in the process. Review protein structure and function in chapter 2 to understand how enzymes work. Enzymes also may act as 'switches' and be the rate controlling steps in a biochemcial pathway. There are several ways enzyme activity is altered by other factors or physical conditions.

1. The bacterial enzyme streptokinase is used to digest fibrin in patients with atherosclerosis. Why doesn't the injection of streptokinase cause a streptococcal infection?

2. How do we know that streptokinase will break down fibrin and not functional tissue?

3. 5 bromouracil is used as an anti cancer drug it is mistaken for thymine by cellular enzymes during DNA replication, name the enzyme site the nucleoside analog is probably binding.

Most of a cell's energy is derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates. Glucose is the most common oxidized carbohydrate. There are two types of glucose catabolism respiration and fermentation.

4. Is glucose completely broken down in respiration or fermentation?

greenhedgehog909

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

Question options:

	chromatin is one of two identical strands of DNA.
	chromosomes are chromatin that has been tightly packed and coiled.
	chromosomes are composed of nucleosomes and chromatin is composed of sister chromatids.
	chromosomes are important in mitosis and chromatin is essential to meiosis.

Bacterial cells only reproduce asexually and cannot exchange genetic material.

Question options:

	True, because they undergo binary fission.
	False, because they transfer genetic material with other bacterial cells.
	True, because they have a cell wall that prevents sharing of genetic material.

After a visit to a specialist, Dan was diagnosed with liver cancer. Six months later additional tumors were found in his stomach and small intestine. This is an example of

Question options:

	malignant tumors.
	benign tumors.
	Both malignant tumors and metastasis are correct.

Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis?

Question options:

	DNA is replicated.
	Replicated chromosomes divide.
	Cells line up along the equator of the cell.

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched?

Question options:

	prophase -- mitotic spindle forms
	metaphase -- chromosomes line up along the equator
	telophase -- cytoplasm divides

Why is hair loss a common side effect of cancer treatments?

Question options:

Hair cells are at the surface of the body so die easily.

Hair cells divide rapidly and so are targeted by the cancer drugs.

Cancer drugs often target and kill random cells within the body.

From "Investigating Life: Cutting Off a Tumor's Supply Lines in the War on Cancer," how are endostatins used to treat cancerous cells?

Question options:

	They prevent angiogenesis by cancerous cells.
	They promote growth of new blood vessels to feed cells.
	They bind to receptors on cancerous cells and prevent cells from reproducing.

BIO 181 Study Guide - Final Guide: Chloroplast, Blood Orange, Dynein

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