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In a 300 word paragraph, describe the role of renin, angiotensin and natriuretic peptides in regulation of blood volume.

Include:

Renin is an enzyme that is secreted from the juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to low blood pressure and it triggers a whole cascade of responses that ultimately increases blood volume which then ultimately increases blood pressure.

Angiotensin is a class of molecules that ultimately regulate blood pressure.

Natriuretic peptides are hormones secreted predominately from the atrial walls of the heart that regulate sodium levels and in doing so regulates blood pressure. The stimulus for natriuretic peptide release is an increase in blood pressure.

The renin and angiotensin pathway (fig. 20-13, pg 664): Body is in homeostasis, the liver is producing angiotensinogen and angiotensinogen than is always present in the blood. There is a change than, we start to move away from homeostasis. The change is a decrease in blood pressure which we want an increase in blood pressure. This decrease in blood pressure is sensed by the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. We will then initiate the RASS response.

RAAS= Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System. Purpose of the RASS system is to increase blood pressure when there is a decrease in blood pressure.

So renin is released than. The renin catalyzes the reaction of Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin 1 which occurs in the blood plasma. Angiotensin 1 is an intermediary product that is converted by an enzyme called Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). As Angiotensin 1 reacts with the walls of the blood vessels it than converts into Angiotensin 2 which then acts on target organs. In angiotensin 2 has 4 physiological responses (see below). The ACE inhibitor is given to try and reduce the progression of heart failure and allow that person to have more months or years of life.

1. ANG 2 increases vasopressin secretion. ANG 2 receptors in the hypothalamus initial this reflex. Fluid retention in the kidney under the influence of vasopressin helps conserve blood volume, thereby maintaining blood pressure.

2. ANG 2 stimulates thirst. Fluid ingestion is a behavioral response that expands blood volume and raises blood pressure.

ANG 2 is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors known in humans. Vasoconstriction causes blood pressure to increase without a change in blood volume.

Activation of ANG 2 receptors in the cardiovascular control center increases sympathetic output to the heart and blood vessels Sympathetic stimulation increases cardiac output and vasoconstriction, both of which increase blood pressure.

Describe the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP):

Stimulus is an increase in blood volume which causes atrial stretch. The integrating center is the atrial myocardial cells stretching and releasing. The efferent pathway is the hormone natriuretic peptide which the effectors are the Hypothalamus which the tissue response being inhibiting vasopressin, Kidney which the tissue response will be increase in GFR and a decrease in Renin, adrenal cortex which the tissue response will be inhibiting aldosterone, and medulla oblongata which the tissue response will be decreasing blood pressure. This will lead to the overall response being an increase in NaCl and H20 excretion.

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