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The story of DNA was a long one before Watson and Crick addedtheir chapter. Briefly, review the history of DNA. Include thecritical experiments from the early work including identificationof its chemical nature to the experiments that demonstrated itsrole in heredity.

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31 Dec 2019
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Related questions

1) The strongly acidic nature of DNA poses a problem. Why do Watson and Crick think that the DNA “dyad”, formed by hybridization of two negatively charged molecules, will be stable?

2) Watson and Crick refer to a model proposed by Pauling and Cory. Pauling and Cory proposed a triple helix with phosphates in the center (triangles in the figure below), and bases radiating outwards. A figure from their paper, viewing this structure end on, is shown below. List at least three different aspects of this model that are chemically improbable, or fail to accommodate information about DNA that was available in 1953, when the Pauling and Cory and Watson and Crick models were published. For each problem, explain if, and how, the Watson and Crick model overcomes the issue that you have identified. Figure 6, reproduced from:

 3) What are tautomeric forms, and why did they pose a problem for the Watson and Crick model? Do you think that Watson and Crick adequately addressed the problem of tautomers?

4) RNA and DNA have different helical conformations. Why do Watson and Crick suggest that this is necessary?

5) Did Watson and Crick say too much or too little about the process of replication? Explain your view on this.

1a. Who was the author of the 1968 book titled “The Double Helix”?

1b. Why was this book so controversial?

1c. What technique was Rosalind Franklin first introduced to in 1938 at Cambridge University?

1d. After completing her degree at Cambridge, to what country did Franklin move to continue her research studies?

1e. Why was Franklin required to stay away from her lab for several weeks?

1f. What research insti tution in England did Franklin move to after completing her work in France?

1g. What research institution in England did Watson and Crick work at?

1h. What was the first major discovery Franklin made about DNA?

1i. What methodology did Watson and Crick use to determine the structure of DNA?

1j. What specific information, other than the helical nature of DNA, did Watson and Crick obtain from the famous “Photo 51”?

1k. Why was it essential that Franklin's paper be published at the same time as Watson and Crick's paper?

1l. From 1953 to 1958, what was the focus of Rosalind Franklin's research?

1m. Which form of DNA discovered by Rosalind Franklin is wetter and found in cells?

1n. True or False: At one point, Watson and Crick were forbidden to continue on with their DNA structure research because of their technical errors.

1o. How many strands of DNA did Rosalind Franklin have to bundle together for her experimental work?

1p. What information about DNA was immediately apparent (to Watson, Crick, and other scientists) when they saw photo 51?

1q. Approximately how many hours did it take to expose one of Franklin's DNA photos?

1r. Without computers, approximately how long could it take to perform the calculations necessary to analyze on of Franklin's photographs?

1s. What two published conclusions (later shown to be incorrect) did Pauling make about DNA structure?

1t. In what year was Watson and Cricks DNA paper published?

1u.How old was Rosalind Franklin when she died?

1v. What disease was responsible for Franklin's death?

1w. What did Franklin regard as her “greatest scientific discovery”?

Please answer all the questions

Define

1. Chargaff’s rule –

2. Semiconservative replication –

Fill in the Blank

3. Adjacent nucleotides are held together by a covalent bond called a _____________________ bond.

4. ________________________________ is the enzyme the adds nucleotides to the free 3’ hydroxyl group on a growing stand of DNA.

True or False

5. Hershey and Chase determined that DNA was the material of heredity when radiolabeled sulfur from a virus was injected in to an E. coli cell.

6. After coinfecting E. coli with “heavy” and “light” viral DNA, Meselson and Weigle observed a range of densities in the CsCl gradient which was evidence for recombination between the two stands of DNA.

Short Answer

7. Describe what happens when DNA replicates making sure to include the enzymes involved in the process.

8. Describe the experiments by Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty that provided evidence for transformation and identified the transforming principle?

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