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11 Dec 2019

Please I REALY need help on this, I have looked in my book for hours and I am so lost on answering this question. Please help!

Note: We are looking for detailed answers. Very little credit will be earned for partial or incomplete answers.

Amino acids can have very specific properties. Some specific properties of interest are size (small/medium/large), If its is bulky/rigid/flexible, if it is hydrophilic or hydrophobic and if is positively or negatively charged.

1A. For the properies of size, bulk/rigidity/flexibility, hydrophilic or hydrophobic and positive or negatively charged, provide detailed descriptions of what we woud look for in the "R" group of the amino acid to decide what traits give it these properties. (10 points)

1B. For each of the twenty amino acids, name if it is big/medium/small, bulky/rigid/flexible, hydrophilic or hydrophobic and positive or negatively charged.

If any of the twenty amino acids you describe do not follow the trend that you provided in part A, provide a detailed explanation for why. (30 points)

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kimkiki236Lv2

17 Jun 2023

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Patrina SchowalterLv2

13 Dec 2019

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BACKGROUND

The amino acid sequence for a protein that is associated with the onset of Huntington's Disease in humans is 582 amino acids long and is provided below. This disease is autosomal dominant and results in a prolonged degeneration of nerve cells in the brain.

INSTRUCTIONS

1. For this assignment, use any method you determine most feasible (i.e. programming in MATlab, R script, Crystal Ball, Witchcraft/Hocus Pocus, etc.) to decipher the amino acid composition of this protein and answer the 15 questions associated with this protein and its associated amino acid structure.

2. You will be calculating proportions (percentages - %) for this assignment. Calculate all proportions to 1 decimal place and make sure you have rounded up or down correctly. If unsure, use a spreadsheet program such as Excel to display your proportional calculations to 1 decimal place.

3. Spelling matters (Incorrect spelling will be graded as such - incorrect).

5. Download/copy the sequence and review the questions so you can double check your numbers before proceeding through the homework.

Huntington Disease Associated Protein Amino Acid Sequence

The first amino acid below ('m') represents the amino (NH3) terminus of this protein. The last amino acid in this sequence represents the carboxy (COOH) terminus and is the very last 'c' at the bottom of this protein sequence structure. The amino acids are numbered individually across the rows (left to right) beginning from the amino terminus (#1) to the carboxy terminus (#582).

mvskreniat	hhlyqawdpv	pslspattga	lisheklllq	inperelgsm	syklgqvsih
svwlgnsitp	lreeewdeee	eeeadapaps	spptspvnsr	khragvdihs	csqfllelys
rwilpsssar	rtpailisev	vrsllvvsdl	fternqfelm	yvtltelrrv	hpsedeilaq
ylvpatckaa	avlgmdkava	epvsrllest	lrsshlpsrv	galhgilyvl	ecdllddtak
qlipvisdyl	lsnlkgiahc	vnihsqqhvl	vmcatafyli	enypldvgpe	fsasiiqmcg
vmlsgseest	psiiyhcalr	glerlllseq	lsrldaeslv	klsvdrvnvh	sphramaalg
lmltcmytgk	ekvspgrtsd	pnpaapdses	vivamervsv	lfdrirkgfp	cearvvaril
pqflddffpp	qdimnkvige	flsnqqpypq	fmatvvykvf	qtlhstgqss	mvrdwvmlsl
snftqrapva	matwslscff	vsastspwva	ailphvisrm	gkleqvdvnl	fclvatdfyr
hqieeeldrr	afqsvlevva	apgspyhrll	tclrnvhkvt	tc	CARBOXY TERMINUS

I posted this before with no replies! It's urgent.

I need this decoded because I don't have any access to any coding methods in order to answer the following questions:

a.) a.) What is the name of the least abundant amino acid in this protein?

b.) What proportion of the total amino acids in the protein does this individual amino acid represent?

c.) What is the proportion of essential amino acids included in this protein sequence?

d.)The amino acid sequence from residues 73-85 is represented by the amino acids EEEWDEEEEEEAD, how would you generally classify this small region of the protein? Choose from: neutral, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, negatively charged, positively charged

e.)Two amino acids are present in the same proportion in this protein, which two are those?

f.)Which class of amino acids is the most abundant in this protein?

g.) What amino acid(s) is/are present at locations 572 and 582 in the Huntington Disease protein (Full Amino Acid Name(s)).

h.)What type of structure could form between these amino acids that could help stabilize this protein's structure?

i.) Which class of amino acids is least abundant in this protein?

j.)Summed together, how many hydrophilic amino acid residues are present in this protein?

I JUST NEED SIMPLE/BASIC ANSWERS NOT LONG ANSWERS

1. Explain how life can be viewed at different levels of biological complexity.

2. Explain how researchers study biology at different levels, ranging from molecules to ecosystems.

3. Distinguish between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing, and describe the steps of the scientific method.

4. Tell whether a given topic or research study is about biology. Tell whether that study is discovery-based or hypothesis testing, or both.

5. If presented with a research study, propose what the Research Question was.

6. If presented with an example, tell whether a statement is a hypothesis, theory or law and why you think so.

Describe the general structure of atoms and their constituent particles.

Relate atomic structure to the periodic table of the elements. List the elements that make up most of the mass of all living organisms.

Explain how a single element may exist in more than one form, called isotopes, and how certain isotopes have importance in human medicine.

Compare and contrast the types of atomic interactions (bonds) that lead to the formation of molecules.

Tell which atoms and how many of each make up a given molecule (formula or diagram).

For a bond in a given molecule, tell whether the bond is covalent, and if it is, tell whether it is polar or nonpolar and why you think so.

Explain the concept of electronegativity and how it contributes to the formation of polar and nonpolar covalent bonds. Tell whether a given atom is electronegative or not, and why you think so. Label partial charges in a polar bond.

Draw five water molecules and label the atoms and bonds within and between the 5 molecules.

Describe how hydrogen bonding determines many properties of water.

List the properties of water that make it a valuable solvent, and distinguish between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances.

Explain how water has the ability to ionize into hydroxide ions (OH^â) and into hydrogen ions (H⁺), and how the H⁺ concentration is expressed as a solution's pH.

Explain the properties of carbon that make it the chemical basis of all life.

Describe the variety and chemical characteristics of common functional groups of organic compounds.

Diagram how small molecules may be assembled into larger ones by dehydration reactions and how hydrolysis reactions can reverse this process.

List the four major classes of organic molecules and macromolecules found in living organisms

If shown a molecule, tell whether it is organic or not and how you know.

If shown an organic molecule, tell whether it is an amino acid, nucleotide, fatty acid, steroid, monosaccharide or disaccharide and how you know.

Distinguish among different forms of carbohydrate molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Relate the functions of plant and animal polysaccharides to their structure.

List the several different classes of lipid molecules important in living organisms.

Diagram the structure of a triglyceride and explain how it is affected by the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Explain why some fats are solid at room temperature, and others are liquid.

Discuss how fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Apply knowledge of the structure of phospholipids to the formation of cellular membranes.

Describe the chemical nature of steroids and give an example of their biological importance.

Give examples of the general types of functions that are carried out in cells by different types of proteins.

Explain how amino acids are joined to form a polypeptide, and distinguish between a polypeptide and protein.

Describe the levels of protein structure and the factors that determine them. If shown a protein diagram, label parts that represent its levels of structure. Tell what kind of research techniques are used to determine protein structure.

Outline the bonding forces important in determining protein shape and function.

Explain what domains are and their importance in proteins.

Describe the three components of nucleotides.

Distinguish between the structures of DNA and RNA.

Tell how certain bases pair with others in DNA and RNA.

Discuss the 4 major categories of organic macromolecules found in living things, including structure, function and location of each.

Compare and contrast the general structural features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Outline the differences in complexity among bacteria, animal, and plant cells.

Describe how a eukaryotic cell can be viewed as four interacting systems: the nucleus, cytosol, endomembrane system, and semiautonomous organelles.

Explain how the proteome underlies the structure and function of cells.

Analyze how cell size and shape affect the surface area/volume ratio.

Identify the location of the cytosol in a eukaryotic cell and list its general functions.

Describe the three types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton. Identify which underlie cilia, flagella, centrioles, the nuclear lamina, and the brush border. Tell which are readily assembled and disassembled. Tell which are involved in various cell shape changes or movements.

Explain how motor proteins interact with microtubules or actin filaments to promote cellular movement.

Describe the structure and organization of the cell nucleus. Describe the structure and function of nuclear pores.

Outline the structures and general functions of the components of the endomembrane system.

Distinguish between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Identify three important functions of the plasma membrane.

Tell why mitochondria and chloroplasts are called semi-autonomous organelles.

Discuss the evidence for the endosymbiosis theory.

Outline the structures and general functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Explain how proteins are moved via vesicles through the endomembrane system.

If you are told about the function of a specific protein, tell where and in what type of cell that protein might be found.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ animal cell and a real animal cell such as a red blood cell or a muscle cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Sketch and label a âtypicalâ plant cell and a real plant cell such as a root or leaf cell. Tell how it might be different than the âtypicalâ cell in terms of its organelles and shape.

Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure. Tell why membranes are described as âfluid mosaicsâ.

Draw 10 phospholipid molecules as they would be arranged in a bilayer. Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.

61. Name all the places in a cell where membranes are found.

62. Describe at least three different categories of membrane proteins and tell what they do.

63. Describe what determines how fluid membranes are.

64. Explain how lipids are synthesized at the ER membrane.

65. Explain how transmembrane proteins are inserted into the ER membrane.

66. Compare and contrast diffusion, facilitated diffusion, passive transport, and active transport.

67. Explain the process of osmosis and how it affects cell structure.

68. Outline the functional differences between channels and transporters. Compare and contrast uniporters, symporters, and antiporters.

69. Explain the difference between primary active transport and secondary active transport.

70. Describe the structure and function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells and a similar pump in plants and prokaryotes.

71. Describe exocytosis and endocytosis and tell what molecules are moved across the membrane by these.

Discuss membrane transport, including its function and various forms and why all membranes have each form.

73. If a given cellular process is described, tell which form of transport might be involved.

List the different categories of animal tissue, providing general functions and specific examples of each.

Name the various organ systems found in many animals, list the components of each, and describe their general functions.

bluebeaver798

I have this questions for my homework i need help with them look please it is important i need help so please give me the correct answers for each question and also please be clear to understand and aslo be correct it is very important becuase i need them so i really need the right answers. please help me and on Questions 6 and 9 please help me with it hope you can help me with the correct answers please

Question 5

At a constant temperature, if you increase the number of unsaturated fatty acid chains in the phospholipid, the membrane will become......

less fluid

more fluid

fluidity will be unchanged

Question 6

Bacteria in a hot spring at 80 degrees celsius would be expected to have ______________ in their cell membrane

high proportions of saturated phospholipids

high proportions of unsaturated phospholipids

an equal ratio of saturated to unsaturated phospholipid

Question 7

Membrane proteins have an important role in membrane fluidity

True

False

Question 8

The HIV virus can't attach to cells that have a mutation in the CCR5 gene and so such individuals are resistant to HIV. What population of people have a higher incidence of the mutant CCR5 gene and why?

europeans because their ancestors survived the bubonic plague

North Americans because their ancestors survived small pox

europeans because they have a longer evolutionary past with HIV

Africans because they have a longer evolutionary past with HIV

Question 9

Nematode trapping fungi have ______________ molecules called ______________ that recognize specific carbohydrates on the surface of the nematode worms. This is how a fungus can recognize that its prey, the nematode worm, has wriggled into the loop. Write two words on lowercase separated by a space with no other syntax

Question 10

Diffusion requires energy

True

False

Question 11

The net direction of molecule movement when molecules diffuse is

down their concentration gradient

random directions

Question 12

In osmosis, water molecules from a solution of higher solute concentration cross a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of lower solute concentration?

True

False

Question 13

Which best defines osmosis?

In osmosis, water from a solution of lower solute concentration move across a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of higher solute concentration?

In osmosis, water from a solution of higher solute concentration move across a semi-permeable membrane into a solution of lower solute concentration?

Question 14

Animal cells placed into a hypotonic solution would most likely?

lyse (burst)

shrink

remain unchanged in size

Question 15