A teenager which is admitted to the emergency department is congested, has a big headache, can hardly speak and has blue lips. Choose the preliminary report that is written that indicate each condition in the order of these symptoms:
a) sinusitis, laryngitis, hypoxia, rhinitis
b) rhinitis, laryngitis, hypoxia, sinusitis
c) rhinitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, hypoxia
d) sinusitis, hypoxia, laryngitis, rhinitis
A teenager which is admitted to the emergency department is congested, has a big headache, can hardly speak and has blue lips. Choose the preliminary report that is written that indicate each condition in the order of these symptoms:
a) sinusitis, laryngitis, hypoxia, rhinitis
b) rhinitis, laryngitis, hypoxia, sinusitis
c) rhinitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, hypoxia
d) sinusitis, hypoxia, laryngitis, rhinitis
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The Case of the Paralyzed Gardener. Part 2.
Katie, Julia's girlfriend, was really scared now. In addition to having trouble opening her eyes and slurring her words, Julia could now hardly walk or sit up. Katie called an ambulance, and they rushed Julia to the hospital. Due to the sudden onset and the neurological nature of the signs and symptoms, the doctor tested Julia for a stroke.
Fortunately, the results came back negative. Since Julia could not speak, the doctor began asking Katie questions about her partner's health, habits, and lifestyle. Eventually, it came up that Julia frequented farmers markets and had recently consumed some vegetables she canned at home. Upon hearing about the home canning, the doctor immediately suspected botulism. Clostridium botulinum bacteria are common in soil, so they can easily contaminate vegetables, and improper canning is a known risk factor for exposure. Although the doctor knew that the collected blood and stool samples may contain the bacterium and/or the botulinum toxin, the results would take several days to obtain, and Julia didn't have days to wait. Based on mounting suspicion, the doctor ordered an electromyography study, which confirmed that Julia's muscles and nerves were not working properly. Because botulism is a nationally reportable disease, the physician immediately contacted the local health department and, in collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, coordinated delivery of the antitoxin that was needed to save Julia's life.
Several days later, the lab confirmed that botulinum toxin was found in Julia's blood samples and, C. botulinum was grown from stool samples. It was a good thing the doctor had reacted so swiftly to obtain the antitoxin. Though the doctor had identified the cause of the illness, the source of the bacteria was still not confirmed. Was it food from the market? Her canned goods? Somewhere else? When placed in a stressful environment like soil, this bacterium sporulates, forming hardy structures called endospores that can survive for decades. The low oxygen and low acid environment that occurs in certain canned vegetables can allow the endospores to germinate, leading to toxin production.
Since Julia was new to canning, Katie suspected that it was the beans and corn. She mentioned this point to the doctor, who requested a can of each to send to the health department for confirmation. At the lab, the technicians did some basic staining and growth to see if there was bacterial contamination. Though the identification was not definitive, they were able to grow Gram-positive bacilli from Julia's canned food.
QUESTION 1: The process of canning vegetables involves high heat and, sometimes, low pH to kill contaminating microorganisms. How do you think these might prevent bacterial growth? Select all that apply. (NCLEX style)
| A.Degrading sugars used as microbial food sources | ||||
| B. Denaturing proteins | ||||
| C. Altering quaternary structures | ||||
| D. Destroying cell membranes QUESTION 2: When an animal's gastrointestinal tract is colonized with C. botulinum, the causative agent of botulism, the bacteria secretes a neurotoxin, which moves into the bloodstream and down its concentration gradient without help from any external energy or proteins. Which of the following terms correctly describes this sort of molecular movement?
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1. Which of the following best describes a condition where a membrane separates two solutions that are NOT in equilibrium?
| A | a rainbow |
| B | equilibrium |
| C | a homogeneous solution |
| D | neighboring solutions that have unequal concentrations of molecules |
2. In this lab, we will use dialysis tubing to....
| A | simulate biological membranes |
| B | separate blood from urine |
| C | turn starch blue |
| D | turn starch brown |
3. Biological membranes have different types of pores and channels, and different permeability to small molecules depending on size and charge. In this lab, you can assume that the dialysis tubing we are using are permeable to....
| A | starch |
| B | water and potassium iodide |
| C | complex sugars |
| D | small animals |
4. Kinetic energy is a property of the atom, and also of more complex structures such as molecules. You can actually see kinetic energy of non-living things in action under the microscope. When we visualize this, we call what we see...
| A | diffusion |
| B | Brownian motion |
| C | osmosis |
| D | all of the above |
5. One word to describe the effect of water diffusion across a membrane, which alters the water pressure on one side of the membrane with respect to the other is....
| A | osmosis |
| B | lysis |
| C | aquaporin |
| D | equilibrium |
6. Suppose that you place a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution containing penetrating molecules. In this environment, you would expect the cell to eventually
| A | swell and burst |
| B | shrink |
| C | remain the same in size |
| D | photosynthesize |
7. For the "egg lab", what is the main objective?
| A | to determine which egg has more mass |
| B | to determine which egg is hypertonic to the other |
| C | to determine which solution the egg is placed in is hyper- or hypo-tonic solution |
| D | to determine which egg is isotonic with the egg |
8. The main difference between a 'prediction' and a 'hypothesis', is that predictions....
| A | are framed as an "if...then...because" statement |
| B | are framed as a general statement |
| C | are framed as an "always....true" statement |
| D | are framed as an "correct....incorrect" statement |
9. Read each of the following procedural steps for plasmolyzing Elodea sprig and then select the correct order below.
Locate a region of healthy cells and sketch a few adjacent cells
Sketch the plasmolyzed cell
While touching one corner of the coverslip with a piece of Kimwipe to draw off the
water, add a drop of concentrated salt solution to the opposite corner
Obtain a leaf from an Elodea or Water sprite plant
| A | 4, 2, 3, 1 |
| B | 3, 1, 4, 2 |
| C | 2, 3, 1, 4 |
| D | 4, 1, 3, 2 |