1. Other features of the reading of mRNA into proteins being the same as they are now (i.e., codons must exist for 20 different amino acids), what would be the minimum codon length be if the number of different bases in the mRNA were each of the numbers below, instead of four? You must show all work to receive credit.

a. Two

b. Three

c. Five

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Hubert KochLv2

31 Dec 2018

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The genetic code in our world is a triplet code using combinations of four letters (A,U,G,C). All code words (codons) are the same size, three bases long. Proteins in our world are build using combinations of 20 different subunits (amino acids). In class, we argied tjat imder the conditions in our world (only four differebt letters in mRNA to code for 20 different amino acids in proteins) a triplet code is the smallest possible code that could be sued. A) list the other properties of our genetic code. C) what do we mean by the term degenerate code? Cam a doutblet code also be a degenerate code? (If yes, under what circumstances? If no, why not?) D) Does degeneracy in its genetic code represent 1) an advantage; 2) a disadvantage or 3) both and advantage and a disadvantage or 4) neither an advantage nor a disadvantage to an organism?

Fill in the blank. Elongation during translation does NOT involve ____________.

Question 16 options:

	the translation of codons according to the genetic code
	the formation of bonds catalyzed by the ribosome
	complementary base pairing between RNA molecules
	amino acids being linked together in a polypeptide
	reading the DNA template 3' to 5'

For a given gene, what establishes the reading frame for translation?

Question 17 options:

	the location of the enhancer relative to the gene
	the first three nucleotides at the 5' end of the mRNA
	the first three nucleotides at the 3' end of the mRNA
	the start codon in the mRNA
	the location of the promoter relative to the gene

Which of the following is the LEAST likely direct consequence of a substitution mutation?

Question 18 options:

	changing the length of a protein coded for by a gene
	changing one amino acid in a protein
	creating a stop codon
	eliminating a start codon
	changing the length of the DNA molecule containing a gene

Suppose that the pre-mRNA transcript from a eukaryotic gene is 30,000 nucleotides long, and the gene codes for a sequence of 300 amino acids. What is the best explanation for the relationship between these numbers?

Question 19 options:

	only the first 900 nucleotides of the pre-mRNA transcript are translated
	it takes 100 nucleotides to specify a single amino acid
	300 of the nucleotides in the transcript are important, and the rest are "junk"
	only the last 900 nucleotides of the pre-mRNA transcript are translated
	large portions of pre-mRNA transcripts are cut out during RNA processing

Suppose an individual is born into a population with a novel mutation. Is the new mutation an evolutionary change, and why?

Question 20 options:

	no, because it is not a big enough change to count
	yes, because new mutations are always adaptive
	yes, because the appearance of a new genetic variant is a genetic change in a population
	no, because not enough individuals have the mutation for it to matter
	no, because most mutations are not adaptive

1. The four nucleotides found in human DNA (G, A, T, C) combinein groups of three to create potentially 64 different amino acids,but only 20 amino acids, one start codon and three stop codons areused to construct proteins. Why is this so?

a.Many amino acids are not considered complete until they bindwith a second amino acid.
b.64 amino acids are produced, but the body only integrates
c.42 of them into proteins. 64 amino acids are initially produced,but 42 of them are unstable and degrade immediately. Differentd.nucleotide combinations code for the same amino acid.

2.What term is used to describe the phenomenon that there are 64different groups of 3 nucleotides to code for amino acids but only20 amino acids, 1 start codon, and 3 stop codon used in proteinconstruction.

a.Crossing over
b.Redundancy
c.DNA structure
d.Transcription

Suppose a male and a female with chromosomes "DD" (male) and"dd" (female) crossbreed. How likely is their offspring to exhibitthe DD genotype?

100%
25%
50%
0%

4.What term best describes the genotype of "dd"?
a.heterozygous
b.monohybrid
c.homozygous
d.haploid

5.Suppose a male and a female with chromosomes "DDBb" (male) and"ddBB" (female) interbreed. How likely is their offpsring toexhibit the DdBb genotype? 100% 50% 25% 0%?

6. What term best describes the breeding perfomed when a maleand female with chromosomes "DDBb" (male) and "ddBB" (female)interbreed?

Dihybrid cross

Codominance

Incomplete dominance

Monohybrid cross