Explain why it is possible for human (Homo Sapiens) to have roughly five times the number of proteins in its proteome as fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and worm (Caenorhabditis elgans) despite the fact that human only has roughly trice as many protein coding genes as fly and worm.

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Collen VonLv2

26 Oct 2018

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Ploidy refers to the number of complete sets of chromosomes (genes) present in a cell. The number of chromosomes in a complete set is a fixed characteristic of a species. Humans are diploid with two sets of 23 chromosomes. Fruit flies are diploid with two sets of 4 chromosomes. Sexually reproducing organisms are diploid, each somatic cell of an organism has two complete sets ("di" is a prefix indicating 2.). To complete a life cycle and reproduce new members of a species, mating is required. Mating brings a donation from a male and a donation from a female together. However, if the male and female cells remain diploid, the fertilization will result in a tetraploid zygote. In general, these are not viable. A mechanism is needed to form special haploid cells, gametes. The diploid set is split precisely into two complete haploid sets. That mechanism is meiosis.

The complete set of chromosomes of a species is also the complete set of genes of a species, the genome. (Yes, there is a minor contribution from mitochondria and chloroplasts. Inheritance of this information is "cytoplasmic".)

Please answer the following questions:

1. How many chromosomes in a brain cell of a fruit fly? How many chromosomes are in a liver cell of a human? Explain both answers.

2. How many chromosomes are in a fruit fly unfertilized egg? How many chromosomes are in a human egg? Explain both answers.

3. Why is meiosis necessary for sexually reproducing organisms? How many chromosomes are in a human zygote? Relate the two answers.

4. What is a gene allele? Suppose there is a gene called "bingo" and it is present once in a complete haploid set. How many alleles of "bingo" does a diploid individual have? How many copies or versions of the gene "bingo" are present in a diploid individual?

5. Modern DNA sequencing clearly identifies alleles by showing the different DNA sequence of each allele. These alleles may be termed structural alleles (I coined the term for this problem.). Classical genetics only dealt with phenotypes or visible traits. As a result, alleles of genes were identified by functionality, usually normal or non-functional. Using your knowledge of gene structure and gene expression, postulate a relationship between structural alleles and functional alleles. (include relative amounts; more, less, or equal).

Bacterial cells are used to express proteins from other organisms. Your lab has isolated a human gene that encodes an enzyme that want to produce in a bacterial cell. You can stably transfer the human gene, along with its promoter into a bacterial cell but no human protein is made. Assume that youâve done the procedure correctly and have established that the sequence youâve used is the reason for the lack of protein. How can this be explained? 1.5 pts

Once you solved this initial problem, you can detect RNA from the human gene in the bacterial culture. However, the mRNA is twice as long as the mRNA isolated from this gene in humans and the enzyme coded for by the gene does not appear to be functional. Explain why. 1.5 pts

Use the following article to answer these questions:

http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/nutrient-utilization-in-humans-metabolism-pathways-14234029

1)This article points out that a major misconception, especially for many undergraduates, is that human cells only use glucose as a fuel source. In fact, all three major absorbed end products of the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins can be utilized by most cells for the generation of ATP. What serves as the major entry point (mechanism) for these different classes of molecules that makes it possible for them to serve as fuel for ATP production? Why does this mechanism not work in the absence of oxygen? Hint: consider glycolysis and fermentation.

2)Although many of the approximately 200 cell types in the human body can utilize all three major classes of food molecules for energy, not all can. Why? Provide an example.