Match the following descriptions to the correct type of stem cells (page 583 of the text).

Adult stem cells

Pluripotent cells

multipotent cells

These cells are isolated from inner mass of pre-implantation embryos

The cells can be identified through their ability to form teratomas

The cells can be isolated from specific anatomical niches and are capable of differentiation into a small number of cell types.

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Jamar FerryLv2

6 May 2019

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The second experiment is described in the following abstract:

Successful reprogramming of differentiated human somatic cells into a pluripotent state would allow creation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells. We previously reported generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, capable of germline transmission, from mouse somatic cells by transduction of four defined transcription factors. Here, we demonstrate the generation of iPS cells from adult human dermal fibroblasts with the same four factors: Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. Human iPS cells were similar to human embryonic stem (ES) cells in morphology, proliferation, surface antigens, gene expression, epigenetic status of pluripotent cell-specific genes, and telomerase activity. Furthermore, these cells could differentiate into cell types of the three germ layers in vitro and in teratomas. These findings demonstrate that iPS cells can be generated from adult human fibroblasts.

What does this tell you about the nature of the changes that take place during the process of differentiation? How would you think that the reactivation of these genes might act?

silverwombat839

Pleaserephrase these sentences while maintaining the samemeaning:

1) Reproductive cloning

â¢ has been used to create Dolly the Sheep and many cloned cows,dogs, cats and horses.
â¢ If the low success rates and issues of safety could be improvedas discussed below, the technology can be used to mass-produceanimals with special qualities, such as animals that are importantagriculturally or are able to produce helpful drugs for humanuse
â¢ SCNT has environmental uses in that it can be used to repopulateendangered species, as has been shown with the wild ox and thegaur
â¢ Some supporters of human reproductive cloning also see it as away of overcoming male infertility, where other methods of assistedreproduction have failed.

2) THERAPEUTIC CLONING :It could help advance embryonic stem cellresearch.

â¢ The stem cells have to be able to be isolated from a source andthen grown in the laboratory
â¢ The stem cells have to be able to be turned into thespecific
cell type needed for treatment

3) DNA CLONING is essential to enable enough copies of a gene orDNA segment to be analysed for human genetic testing to diagnosegenetic conditions and enable predictive or presymptomatic genetictesting for genetic conditions in asymptomatic individuals orprenatally (see Genetics Fact Sheets 21 and 17C).It providesmedical benefits in the fields of therapeutic cloning andregenerative medicine.
â¢It provides great potential for discovering treatments and curesto a plethora of diseases including Parkinsonâs disease,schizophrenia, Alzheimerâs disease, Cancer, spinal cord injuries,diabetes and many more.
â¢Limbs and organs could be grown in a lab from stem cells and thenused in transplants or to help treat illnesses.
â¢It will help scientists to learn about human growth and celldevelopment.
â¢Scientists and doctors will be able to test millions of potentialdrugs and medicine, without the use of animals or humantesters.
An advantage of the usage of adult stem cells to treat disease isthat a patientâs own cells could be used to treat a patient. Riskswould be quite reduced because patientsâ bodies would not rejecttheir own cells.
â¢An advantage of using embryonic stem cells is that they candevelop into any cell types of the body, and may then be moreversatile than adult stem cells.
The Advantages of Cloning
ã
The fundamental criterion of medical science must be the defenceand promotion of the integral good of the human person, in keepingwith that unique dignity which is ours by virtue of ourhumanity.

sapphiregoat454

Class 6: Viruses (and Cells, continued)

Making connections: viruses and microbes Match the cell biology concept (on page 1) with an important application of that concept (on page 2). Then answer the follow-up questions at the bottom of page 2.

Cell Biology concepts
1. Bacteria that cannot construct new cell wall material become fragile and break down.
2. During influenza infection, the viral enzyme neuraminidase is required to release new viruses from the host cell in which they were made. Once released, the new viruses can infect many additional cells.
3. Thermus aquaticus is a bacterium found in hot springs and can live at temperatures up to ~80Â°C (175Â°F). It has adapted so that its enzymes are most functional at the elevated temperatures, compared with many organismsâ enzymes that function best ~37Â°C (98Â°F).
4. Until the isolation and investigation of retroviruses, scientists thought that RNA could be copied from DNA, but DNA could not be copied from RNA. Research on this class of viruses led to an update to this âCentral Dogmaâ of biology.
5. Some bacteria have adapted, so that the enzymes involved in making cell wall materials have a slightly different shape and can no longer be bound by certain drugs.
6. Rhizobia are bacteria that colonize the roots of certain plants (legumes, including beans and peas). The host plant benefits from the prokaryotesâ ability to âfixâ nitrogen, converting N2 from the atmosphere into a form that is usable by the plant.
7. Many species of bacteria contain the enzyme cellulase. More than 10 billion such bacteria and other symbiotic microbes may be found in a single milliliter of material from inside the digestive system of ruminant mammals.
8. Fungi, including those that cause athleteâs foot, use ergosterol to maintain healthy membranes. Animal cells do not make ergosterol, they use a similar lipid â cholesterol.
9. During retrovirus infection, a DNA copy is made of the virusâs RNA genome. A cut is made in the host cellâs DNA and the DNA copy of the viral genome is pasted into the host chromosome by a viral enzyme called integrase.
10. Prokaryotic cells contain smaller ribosomes (â70Sâ ribosomes) than eukaryotic cells (â80Sâ ribosomes). Both types of ribosomes synthesize proteins, but the macromolecules they use to do it are somewhat different.

2
Applications
_______ Oseltamivir, also called Tamiflu, binds and inhibits the viral protein neuraminidase.
_______ Clotrimazole is a drug that is used to treat certain infections. It interferes with synthesis of ergosterol, a lipid involved in phospholipid membranes.
_______ Penicillin is a drug that interferes with synthesis of peptidoglycans (these are biological molecules that are part protein and part carbohydrate) that are present in certain cell walls.
_______ HIV is often treated with several drugs that inhibit different parts of the viral replicative cycle. Raltegravir is an example of a drug that interferes with the integration of viral genes into the host cellâs chromosome.
_______ Cows, like other vertebrates, lack the ability to breakdown cellulose. Yet they are able to live on a diet of grass and other vegetation high in cellulose.
_______ Enzymes isolated from extremophiles have been very useful in laboratory research. For example, Taq polymerase facilitates PCR, a revolutionary technique for production of DNAs of particular sequences, which requires cycling reactions through high temperatures.
_______ Plants and animals require nitrogen to make biological macromolecules, however theyâre unable to convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into a biologically useful form.
_______ Azithromycin is a drug that binds to 70S ribosomes and blocks synthesis of any new proteins.
_______ Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause life-threatening infections of the skin and bloodstream. One of the reasons MRSA infections are so serious is that they are resistant to treatment by many antibiotics, including methicillin and penicillin.
_______ The enzyme reverse transcriptase, isolated from retroviruses, is an important tool in molecular biology research. Scientists interested in learning what genes are turned on in particular cells use it to make DNA copies of RNAs they are studying (The DNA copies are useful because they are more stable).

When you have completed the matching activity, answer these follow-up questions:
â¢ What types of infections can be treated with the following drugs?
o Penicillin
o Clotrimazole
o Azithromycin
o Tamiflu
o Raltegravir
â¢ Why are these drugs (above) safe for you to take? That is, why donât they kill your cells?
â¢ Cancer cells are your own human cells that have become deregulated so that they divide and pile up in an uncontrolled way. Many chemotherapy drugs treat cancer by interfering with cell division and other cell processes.
o Why are there so many more side effects for individuals undergoing chemotherapy than for individuals taking antibiotics?