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23 Apr 2019

Research 1 disease of your choice:

Discuss:

The microbe that causes the disease, including details of its morphology. For example, is it a DNA or RNA virus? Is it Gram positive or Gram negative; is it capable of producing endospores?

The means of transmission in detail- what is the vector, if any? Is it communicable or zoonotic? Is it infectious in the larval stage, egg stage, etc?

Symptoms, morbidity and mortality

Treatments and/or prevention

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Elin HesselLv2

25 Apr 2019

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1. Human papilloma virus serotypes 1 and 2 (HPV-1 & HPV-2) both cause benign skin warts. Explain the likely outcome of the following two scenarios and explain in detail why you expect these outcomes. In both scenarios, a person is infected with HPV-1 in January 2012, develops a skin wart which resolves (disappears) without treatment by December 2012. Scenario 1: The same person is re-infected with HPV-1 in January 2013. Scenario 2: the same person is infected with HPV-2 in January 2013.

2. Why do herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2 (HSV-1 or HSV-2) infections recur at or near the site of the original infection? Why is HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection not eliminated from the body when the symptoms of the initial infection subside? Explain both answers in detail.

3. Describe the mechanisms responsible for antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza virus. Which mechanism is responsible for the yearly changes in influenza virus and which may create strains of influenza virus that result in pandemics?

4. What organism causes syphilis? How can it be treated and prevented? Describe the stages of syphilis including the order in which they appear and the symptoms of each stage.

5. Name and describe in detail the three stages of disease caused by HIV infection in the order in which they occur. What defines the beginning and end of each stage and what events occur to cause the transitions from each stage to the next?

6. Name and describe the five modes of action of antibacterial drugs. Give an example of a drug that works by each mode of action and state whether it is broad or narrow spectrum and/or suited for treatment of Gram negative or Gram positive infections.

7. Explain the mechanism of action of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Why does it not harm uninfected cells?

8. Name and describe one of the seven most common neglected tropical diseases. Describe the organism that causes the disease, the symptoms, drugs used to treat it and the approximate number of people affected. Why is it necessary to treat the entire population in a geographic region rather than just those suffering symptoms in order to prevent new infections?

9. Describe and explain the causes of rheumatic fever. Why is it important for patients to complete the dose of antibiotics prescribed for "strep throat"?

10. What organism causes Lyme disease? How is it transmitted to humans and why is it most prevalent in parts of New England and the northern Midwest? Describe the possible long-term sequelae of Lyme disease.

11. Describe the five stages of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Which stages are seen in asymptomatic infected individuals and which are found in people that have active infectious tuberculosis?

12. Describe the six stages of rabies virus infection and pathology including the common sources of infection in the USA. Explain why fatal disease can be prevented by vaccination after infection.

13. Describe the four mechanisms by which bacteria can become resistant to antibacterial drugs. Describe two ways bacteria may be genetically modified to achieve drug resistance naturally.

Highlight or bold the answer you select for multiple choice or type in your answer in the blank space provided.

1. Which of the following is not true of the nervous system?

Consists of central and peripheral systems

(b) Central nervous system is composed of brain and spinal cord

(d) Meninges are membranes that cover brain and spinal cord

(e) Normally free of microbes

2. Which of the following is a common cause of meningitis in nonimmunized young children?

(a) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(b) Escherichia coli

(d) Haemophilus influenzae

(e) None of the above

3. A complication of infection with this organism (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) can occur if the organism becomes widely distributed in the body, leading to endotoxin shock and death. The organism is:

(a) Haemophilus influenzae type A

(b) Neisseria meningitidis

(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

4. Which of the following bacterial meningitis diseases currently is the most common type in the U.S., with increased incidences in infants and in the 15- to 24-year-old age group, and has three types or strains of the infectious microbe?

(a) Haemophilus meningitis

(b) Listeriosis

(d) Meningococcal meningitis

(e) a and c

5. Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, the disease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningitis cases during the first year of life but is still the number one leading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive serious disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders. What is the microorganism?

(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B

(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A

(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

6. Which of the following bacteria that may cause meningitis is Gram-positive and therefore does not cause endotoxin shock in infected individuals?

(a) Escherichia coli

(b) Neisseria meningitidis

(d) Haemophilus influenzae type B

(e) None of these

7. Avid swimmers and hot tub enthusiasts sometimes acquire an opportunistic infection caused by Naegleria fowleri that results in a meningoencephalitis. This organism is a (an):

(a) Protist

(b) Helminth

(d) Amoeba

(e) a and d

8. Which of the following in NOT true about listeriosis?

(a) Foodborne transmission is the most common source of infection.

(b) It is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis today.

(d) It is sometimes acquired as a zoonosis.

(e) Individuals with impaired immune systems are highly susceptible to this disease.

9. Viral meningitis is usually always fatal if untreated, unlike bacterial meningitis, which is always self-limiting and nonfatal. True or false?

10. Which of the following is acid-fast and causes Hansen's disease?

(a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(b) Clostridium tetani

(d) Haemophilus influenzae

(e) Mycobacterium leprae

11. An immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) has replaced the older test for the presence of inclusions in neurons (Negri bodies) for the detection of infections caused by:

(a) Neisseria meningitidis

(b) Enteroviruses

(d) Rabies virus

(e) Haemophilus influenza

12. The viruses that cause encephalitis are most likely to be:

(a) Togaviruses

(b) Enteroviruses

(d) Rabies virus

(e) Hepatitis viruses

13. What do the following viral encephalitis diseases have in common: eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile fever?

(a) They are all caused by the same virus.

(b) They are have the horse as a common intermediate host.

(d) Birds are never involved in the life cycle of the viruses that cause these diseases.

(e) Both a and d.

14. The only bacterium known to damage peripheral nerves is:

(a) Naegleria fowleri

(b) Mycobacterium leprae

(d) Neisseria meningitidis

(e) Haemophilus influenzae

15. All of the following are true about Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, EXCEPT:

(a) They are spore-forming rods.

(b) They are part of the normal bowel microflora of horses, cattle, and humans.

(d) Their toxin elicits muscle stiffness, spasms, and paralysis in the victim.

(e) They require oxygen to survive.

16. A vaccine that was developed in 1933 has proven effective in reducing the incidence of disease caused by:

(a) Clostridium botulinum

(b) Mycobacterium leprae

(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

17. The most common form of disease caused by Clostridium botulinum is:

(a) Infant

(b) Wound

(d) Foodborne

(e) None of these

18. The endospores of this organism are the most heat-resistant known; it is:

(a) Clostridium tetani

(b) Clostridium botulinum

(d) Streptococcus thermicos

(e) Listeria monocytogenes

19. All of the following are true about Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent of botulism, EXCEPT:

(a) Their ability to form toxin depends on infection with a bacteriophage.

(b) They can produce one of eight different toxins, all of which cause human disease.

(d) Although their endospores are highly heat-resistant, their toxin can be inactivated by only a few minutes' boiling.

(e) All of the above are true.

20. All of the following are true about poliomyelitis EXCEPT:

(a) Most poliovirus infections are inapparent or mild and nonparalytic.

(b) Polio can be caused by three strains of picornaviruses.

(c) The Salk vaccine contains live, attenuated polioviruses while the Sabin vaccine contains formalin-inactivated polioviruses.

(d) Transmission is by the fecal-oral route and pharyngeal secretions.

(e) Poliomyelitis has afflicted man for thousands of years.

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