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3 Feb 2019

I always wonder about the capability of diversity of ourantibodies. Do we have enough antibodies to fit to every kind ofmolecule? Wont't it be easier if our antibodies are like clay andcan be molded to any form by antigens? Why to waste energyproducing so many types of antibodies?

If some pathogen makes its antigens just like antibodies of ourbody, (I think) they won't ever be detected. So what would our bodydo?

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Jean KeelingLv2

3 Feb 2019

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We know that we wash our hands because germs can get into ourbody through the nose, the mouth, the eyes, cuts, etc. But I doubtwe can completely clean our hands of germs every time we wash them,down to the individual bacterium or virion, even if we useanti-septic soap. So chances are, even if we keep up with ourhygiene, germs still get into our body, only in very very smallquantities. So here are some questions:

In theory, is there a dividing line where we can say "ok, atthis non-zero count of bacteria or virion, there is still (anarbitrary probability) that a normal healthy person won't getsick" for every germ known to man? If not, arethere germs that are known to cause havoc in a healthy person evenif he comes into contact with a single individual bacterium orvirion?
Do we know a certain trend based on the classification of thegerm?
How about the most commonly found germs (whichever theyare)?
How about some of the most feared, but not so common, viriiknown to man, like HIV, ebola, SARS?

I think that without being able to answer some of thesequestions, especially #3, hygiene would be nothing but a ritualactivity (because "it just works").

The A antigen (the protein that makes A blood A blood) is embedded in the red blood cell (RBC) membrane. Blood group A individuals will automatically carry antibodies (proteins that are in the blood plasma-liquid part of blood) that will attack blood group B cells. Blood group B individuals will carry antibodies that will attack blood group A cells. Blood group O individuals, lacking either of the A or B antigens will carry BOTH types of antibodies and will attack either A or B cells. When there is a transfusion with incompatible blood groups, cells can clump creating blockages in arteries throughout the body. Other pathways can lead to the lysing of RBCâs which will release their contents into the bloodstream elevating these component in the blood which can have sever effects on the heart (potassium primarily-in case you are interested).

Remember, the Rh is a typical one gene, two allele scenario. Rh+ blood can accept Rh+ or Rh- blood. A person with Rh- blood can only receive Rh- blood. Unlike ABO where an individual manufactures the antibody to an antigen they lack without prior exposure, the Rh factor requires previous exposure to illicit an immune response. If a Rh- person is exposed to Rh+ blood, the individual will create the antibody against the Rh antigen. Now, if Rh+ blood is introduced into this individual again, the recipientâs blood contains anti-Rh antibodies and will attack the Rh+ cells-Bad news for the recipient. This is the same thing that happens with an Rh- mom who gets pregnant with an Rh+ baby. By the time the first Rh+ baby is born and blood mixing may have occurred during late pregnancy (small breaks in the placenta can cause some of babyâs blood to mix with that of mom), first baby escapes unharmed. Subsequent babies arenât so lucky.

If there are small tears in the placenta (which are normal), momâs anti Rh antibodies can go in and attack the Rh+ babyâs blood. This can kill the baby. Now, Rh- moms are given a substance that will coat the babyâs RBCâ; kind of like putting them into stealth mode so they canât be seen by momâs immune system. Later-poof, out pops unaffected baby.

1. What blood type(s) can be given to an A positive individual?

2. If you have B negative blood, what blood types can you receive?

3. What blood types can an O negative receive? O positive?

4. If a man is blood group B and his wife is blood group A what blood type(s) are you 100% sure they could produce in their children?

5. If you have a blood group O father and a blood group B mother, can they produce an O child? Explain your answer.

6. You have a male friend who is blood group AB. He is successful in business but knows very little about biology. His wife just had an O child. Knowing that you have been studying the genetics of blood groups, he asks you for an education on blood groups. What do you think about this situation?

7. A woman is AB and her husband is A. They have a B child. What are all the blood groups possible in their children if he is heterozygous?

8. A woman is Rh- and her husband is Rh+. Their first baby is Rh-. What is the genotype, with respect to Rh, of the parents? What is the probability their next child will be Rh+? Does the woman have to worry about any issues with future children? Explain!

As you may recall in the work of Triplett (1898), the presence of others in a bicycle race was found to enhance individual performance. This is called social facilitation (Williams, Harkins, & Karau, 2007). At times, however, the presence of others can detract from individual performance, which is termed social inhibition (Crisp & Turner, 2007). Similarly, social loafing can occur when an individualâs performance within a group decreases due to his or her reliance on others in the group (Crisp & Turner, 2007).

For this Discussion, review the media program, Week 5: The Virtual Office. Focus on the characters in the media and determine which characters displayed social facilitation, social inhibition, and social loafing.

With these thoughts in mind:

Post by Day 3 a description of the characters in the media program demonstrating social loafing, social inhibition, and social facilitation. Explain how you identified them. Then, select one of the characters and, using the current literature, explain two ways you might mitigate their behavior.

Media Program

(Onscreen Text: The employees at the United Cardboard Company often work individually on projects, but as with most environments, they are occasionally asked to participate in group projects. One such group is about to meet right now to plan a presentation for the Board of Directors. Observe the conversation and reactions of various group members to determine which group members exhibit signs of the following: Social Loafing, Social Inhibition, and Social Facilitation.)

(Interior of an office. Ken stands at the front of the conference room.)

KEN: OK, I guess we might as well all get started. As we all know, the big man has requested the five of us to get together and write and conceptualize a presentation to the board on our new packaging system. Maybe we can start by going around and throwing out some initial ideas.

KATHY: Sounds good to me. I think a PowerPoint presentation would do the job well.

GAVIN: I agree. We could follow it up with a physical demonstration of how the packaging looks and folds-- maybe a video of the larger pieces that won't fit into the boardroom.

KEN: Sounds perfect to me. Amanda, Brian, what do you guys think?

BRIAN: Yeah, what you guys said sounds fine.

(Amanda thinks, âI donât know what to say!â)

KEN: Amanda?

AMANDA: I don't know. I didn't really get much chance to think about this. We only found out we needed to do this together three days ago.

KEN: OK, no worries. Let's focus on the PowerPoint idea. I've been doing a lot of them lately, so I'm happy to take the lead on the design aspect. What do you guys think we should all incorporate into the slides?

GAVIN: I think we should start with where we got the idea for this new packaging -- the company that designed it and the different sizes that it comes in.

KATHY: We should follow that with a graph comparing the old prices to the new ones to illustrate how much we'll be saving over time. Amanda, didn't you have most of that information collected at some point?

(Amanda thinks, âOh no! What if I deleted that?)

AMANDA: I don't know, maybe, it's been so long. I didn't think I'd need it again for a group project like this.

(Gavin thinks, âI wonder whatâs gotten into her. Sheâs not usually this tense.â)

KEN: That's OK, Amanda, I'm sure we can easily dig it up again. Brian, do you have any other ideas for the PowerPoint slides?

BRIAN: Nah, I think what you guys mentioned sounds right.

(Kathy thinks, âWow. Way to contribute Brian.â)

KEN: OK then, Kathy and Gavin why don't you send me all of the info and I'll write it up and make the slides. Amanda, don't worry about the cost saving document, I'm sure I can dig it up from my old emails and put it into that slide too.

AMANDA: Are you sure? I'm happy to look. I mean I'm sure I have it somewhere. (Kathy thinks, âShe really needs to get it together. Why is she so nervous?â) At least I think I have it somewhere. You won't tell the Board of Directors if I lost it, will you?

KEN: Of course not, we're in it together. So as I was saying, I'll write up and prepare all the PowerPoint slides. Then we can start our presentation with reading and explaining each slide. Then, what?

KATHY: Well, and then I think we should show them the packaging live, and the quick deconstructing techniques.

KEN: Great idea. You and Amanda can demonstrate the folding, while I narrate what you're doing.

(Amanda thinks, âIs he doing too much of the work? And what if I drop everything while heâs talking?â)

GAVIN: And after you all demonstrate the smaller packaging, we could show a quick video of how the really big ones function down at the warehouse. Brian, would you be able to go film that quickly one of these days?

BRIAN: I don't really have any experience with video cameras or anything like that, so...

(Gavin thinks, âI should have seen that one coming.â)

KEN: That's OK. My wife actually just got me this great little camera for our anniversary. It takes great videos. So I can just run down to the warehouse, get some footage, then put it together on this new editing software I just downloaded. Maybe add a little music. It's going to be really slick!

KATHY: Are you sure, I wouldn't mind doing that too.

KEN: Oh no, it's fine. I love this kind of stuff; just leave it to me. But I suppose that's enough planning. Now it's time to get to work and make the presentation a knock out. Go team!