People who are overweight and wish to lose weight, often do sobecause they are concerned about looking too big. Their increasedsize is attributed to an increased volume of fat.
When people try to lose weight however, they often quantifytheir goals in terms of weight, not volume.
So my question is, is the volume of anadipocyte cell always directly proportional to theweight of the fat stored within the cell?
If not, what factors would increase/decrease the size of theadipocyte cell for a given mass of stored fat?
People who are overweight and wish to lose weight, often do sobecause they are concerned about looking too big. Their increasedsize is attributed to an increased volume of fat.
When people try to lose weight however, they often quantifytheir goals in terms of weight, not volume.
So my question is, is the volume of anadipocyte cell always directly proportional to theweight of the fat stored within the cell?
If not, what factors would increase/decrease the size of theadipocyte cell for a given mass of stored fat?
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Based on âMorgan: A case of Diabetesâ by Lisa Rubin and Clyde Freeman Herreid (National Center for Case Study Teaching in Science)
The Patient:
Morgan Water is a 27-year old Native American that lives on a reservation in Oklahoma. Nearly ¼ of Morganâs tribe has diabetes but she has no direct family history of diabetes, heart disease, or other serious conditions. She is however obese (BMI = 32) and leads a sedentary lifestyle. Morgan has been suffering from an increasing persistence of symptoms including unusual thirst, dizziness, blurred vision, and numbness in her right foot. The symptoms have been developing over several months but as she is planning her wedding she attributed them to nerves. She is finally persuaded to see her family doctor. Her non-fasting blood glucose level was elevated so the doctor has her return the next morning for a fasting blood sample so they could more accurately measure her blood glucose and insulin. Her blood results are below:
Test | Morganâs values | Normal range | Pre-Diabetic range | Diabetic range |
Plasma glucose, mg/dl | 260 | 70 -139 | 140 - 199 | ⥠200 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 140 | ⤠99 | 100 - 125 | ⥠126 |
A1C, % | 7.6 | ~ 5 | 5.7 â 6.4 | ⥠6.5 |
Fasting Insulin, mIU/ml | 34 | 2 - 10 | 10 - 20 | ⥠20 |
The recommendation of Morganâs doctor was to improve her exercise, good nutrition, and weight loss. He recommends meeting with a nutritionist to assist Morgan in her weight loss goals. When Morgan got home and told her family the diagnosis they however had LOTS of suggestions on how she can lose weight. Below is a description of the advice given to her by three family members.
Best friend Savannah:
âYou know how Iâve been losing weight? Well, Iâve been on the Atkinsâ Diet. I heard about it on TV. Itâs great! You get to eat steak, chicken wings, and all the good stuff. All you have to do is limit carbohydrate intake. You should definitely give it a try. This diet has been around for years and it has worked for lots of people, including me.â
*Note: Atkinâs Diet recommends: 10% carbohydrates, 55% fats, 35% protein
Brother Alan:
âI think the best thing for you to do is exercise and stop eating all of that pizza and candy and food filled with fat. Our people never used to eat that junk. I say eat meals that are nutritionally balanced and high in fiber and low in refined sugars and saturated fats. And run a lot. Stop sitting around the house.â
Grandfather:
âMorgan, it is true that it is best to live in harmony and balance â to eat a nutritionally balanced diet that includes carbohydrates, proteins, and âgoodâ fats to meet your bodyâs needs. That is good. But look to your heritage. Our people were never overweight before we started eating âcivilizedâ food. Look to our native diet. I think you should look to traditional herbal remedies for help. What Alan says is true. Exercise is good. But it is sometimes not enough. Our people have always looked to natural medicine for cures. They will lift your spirits and energize you. Then you will lose weight and you will be healthy again. I hear the herbs from the diet shop are safe and good. But you must take them like the medicine label says. It canât hurt to try them.â
*Note: these herbal supplements Morganâs grandfather is recommending contain the herb
ephedra (ephedrine).
Question 5:
Given Morganâs metabolic state, what is the primary fuel source for her cells currently?
A. Carbohydrates (glucose)
B. Fats
C. Proteins
D. It is a balance of all three
Question 6:
Metabolic ketoacidosis is a common problem with diabetics, which is caused by which of the following?
A. Excessive oxidation of fatty acids, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.
B. Excessive oxidation of glucose, leading to an accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood.
C. Excessive oxidation of proteins, leading to an accumulation of ammonia in the blood.
D. Hyperglycemia.
Question 7:
Which weight loss suggestion is designed to achieve some level of ketosis?
A. Atkins Diet
B. Exercise
C. High fiber diet
D. Herbal treatments
Question 8:
One major side effect of the herbal supplement can be hot flashes and increased perspiration due to increased thermogenesis, what is the likely cause of the heat production?
A. Increasing the activity of phosphfructokinase-1.
B. Increasing the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
C. Increasing the activity of citrate synthase.
D. Increasing the activity of uncoupling proteins.
Question 9:
Would substituting fiber and complex carbohydrates (larger % cellulose) for the simple sugars and starches (high sucrose and amylose/amylopectin) help Morgan lose weight, why?
A. Yes, because complex carbohydrates like cellulose are largely indigestible so they pass through
the digestive tract without being absorbed.
B. Yes, cellulose contains less glucose residues than amylose or amylopectin.
C. Yes, because the fructose in sucrose is much more responsible for weight gain than the glucose.
D. No, because cellulose, amylose, and amylopectin are all composed of glucose so it doesnât
matter.
Question 10:
Which weight loss suggestion will lead to an increased need for gluconeogenesis?
A. Atkins Diet
B. Exercise
C. High fiber diet
D. Herbal treatments
Please help me check my answers and correct them if needed.Thank you!
1. Which statement regarding malnutrition is true?
Malnutrition of one nutrient may directly and indirectly affectonly one system | |
All nutrient deficiencies typically manifest in a matter of daysor weeks. | |
Most cases of malnutrition in the elderly are directly relatedto a loss of appetite | |
Nutritional homeostasis should primarily be achieved bydietary alterations. |
2. Movement of the stomach/stomach lining upward into esophagusor diaphragm is termed what?
Gastric reflux | |
Gastric torsion | |
Hiatal hernia |
3. Which of the following is a function of the liver?
produce and secrete insulin | |
produce and secrete glucagon | |
metabolize drugs | |
excrete drugs from the body | |
store red blood cells |
4.
Which of the following regarding malnutrition is true?
ingestion of supplements will prevent malnutrition | |
malnutrition can be avoided if the recommendations of the foodpyramid are followed | |
malnutrition in the United States is rare |
5. What is protein-carbohydrate malnutrition? A person who:
doesn't eat enough protein or carbohydrates | |
eats to much protein and not enough carbohydrates | |
eats to much carbohydrates and not enough protein | |
eats to much protein and carbohydrates which interferes withabsorption and digestion of other nutrients |
6. Which vitamin is stored in the tissues?
A | |
B | |
C |
7. The menstrual occurs within 3 or 4 days of which of thefollowing changes in the blood?
increase in estrogen and decrease in progesterone | |
increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen | |
increase in progesterone and estrogen | |
decrease in progesterone and estrogen |
8. Which statement regarding sperm production and aging istrue?
Aging increases the amount of sperm produced | |
Aging has a variable effect on the amount of spermproduced. | |
Aging causes major changes in sperm cell morphology | |
Aging causes major changes in sperm cell function |
9. Which of the following is a function of the digestivesystem?
Helping with speech | |
Vitamin A production | |
Storing blood in the pancreas | |
Producing erythropoietin |
10. Thinning of the enamel, decrease in nerve cells, recedinggums and loss of muscle of mastication coordination are consideredto be what type of changes in the mouth?
Abnormal changes | |
Age changes |
11. A decline in sexual activity with age is primarilyassociated with what age related changes in the physiology of amale?
Decline in frequency of use | |
Deteriorating self-image | |
Medication use | |
Changes in blood flow |
12. Which of the following conditions is not apathological change that effects the stomach?
Peptic ulcer | |
Atrophic Gastritis | |
Acute Gastritis | |
Stricture |
13. Which of the following is an age related cause for fecalincontinence?
Laxative use | |
Ulcerative colitis | |
Colorectal cancer | |
Disability | |
Stool softener |
14. A decrease in lactase secretion is an age related changeassociated with the _____________.
stomach | |
small intestine | |
large intestine | |
pancreas |
15. Which of the following statements regarding atrophicgastritis is true?
causes overproduction of HCL | |
causes overproduction of intrinsic factor | |
increase absorption of B12 | |
increase risk for cancer |
16. Functional incontinence may be due to a problem withwhat?
cognitive function | |
autonomic system | |
urinary bladder | |
urethra |
17. Which of the following is not a function of nutrients?
energy for activities | |
raw materials for growth | |
buffer to maintain pH | |
fluid and electrolyte balance |
18. Adenosine triphosphate is produced during all of thefollowing processes, except ______.
Oxidative phosphorylation | |
Kreb's cycle | |
Electron transport | |
Glycation |
19. The digestive system helps create nutritional homeostasis,which of the following is one of the four reasons for nutritionalhomeostasis?
nutrients are formed to supply the energy for vitalfunctions | |
nutrients supply raw materials to synthesize body substances | |
nutrients counteract against blood so that volume ismaintained | |
nutrients tear down worn out substances for later use |
20. Women with _____ percent body fat has an increase risk for ashorter life span and weight related diseases.
18 | |
22 | |
27 | |
31 |
21. What amount of protein should be consumed daily by an olderadult?
.25 gram per kilogram of weight | |
.5 gram per kilogram of weight | |
.75 gram per kilogram of weight | |
1 gram per kilogram of weight |
22. Stress incontinence is much more common in women than in menbecause women have which of the following?
longer urethra | |
premenopausal thinning | |
weakened structures |
23. Which of the following is an age related change affectingthe kidneys?
increase in weight | |
increase in width | |
decrease in area | |
decrease in volume |
24. Postmenopausal decrease in estrogen leads to age relatedchanges of the _________.
Urethra | |
Urinary bladder | |
Ureter | |
Kidney |
25. _______ percent of the working capacity of both kidneys isneeded to maintain homeostasis.
10 | |
20 | |
30 | |
40 |
26. Which of the following is considered a treatment for urinaryincontinence?
surgical removal of the sphincter | |
medications to modify bladder function | |
electric shock therapy |
27. Which reproductive hormone provides a decrease risk ofatherosclerosis?
testosterone | |
relaxin | |
estrogen | |
follicle stimulating hormone |
28. Which form of cancer in the female reproductive system rankssecond in occurrence?
Ovarian | |
Cervical | |
Endometrial | |
Vaginal |
29. Which hormone produced in females seems to stimulate thelibido?
Estrogen | |
Progesterone | |
Testosterone | |
Luteinizing hormone |
30. Which of the following regarding prostate cancer istrue?
it is related to having benign prostatic hypertrophy | |
it is more common in white males | |
testing for prostatic specific antigen is sensitive andspecific | |
it impairs the function of the liver |