Which of the following act directly by binding to GPCRs?
Beta-blockers
ACE Inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Diuretics
1 and 3
2 and 4
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1. Know what occurs during the four pharmacokinetic phases, as well as understand how concurrent pharmacotherapies (or dietary agents) might alter these phases
2. Know the role of the sympathetic vs. parasympathetic on the body, as well as the key neurotransmitters and receptors involved in each.
a. Understand the general mechanism of action and clinical indications for the use of sympathomimetics vs. sympatholytics
3. Know the factors that determine overall cardiac output (CO) and blood pressure (BP) and understand how the following drugs can alter each:
o Diuretics
o Nitrates
o ACE Inhibitors
4. Be able to compare and contrast the use (mechanism of action) of the following drugs in different cardiovascular pathologies (i.e. arrhythmia, hypertension, heart failure):
o Beta blockers
o Ca2+ channel blockers
5. Understand the how cholesterol is synthesized in the body, the relationship between different types of cholesterol (HDL vs. LDL) and atherosclerosis, and the mechanism of action of the following drugs in treatment of cholesterol:
HMG CoA Reductase inhibitor (statin)
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
6. Know the key neurotransmitters targeted by antianxiety and antipsychotic drugs:
Understand the mechanism of action and pharmacologic effects of the antianxiety drug class benzodiazepines
7. Know the key neurotransmitters targeted by antidepressant and anti-manic drugs:
Understand the mechanism of action for SSRIs and Lithium
8. Be able to compare and contrast the mechanism of action of opioids vs. non-opioid drugs (NSAIDs) in producing analgesia, as well as the key detrimental side effects of each class.
Receptors involved
Key signaling pathways (molecules, enzymes, involved)
9. Be able to compare and contrast the mechanism of action of the following antibacterial drugs:
Cephalosporins
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides
Fluoroquinolones
10. Be able to compare and contrast the mechanism of action of the following antiviral drugs:
Oseltamivir
Docosonal
NRTIs
Protease inhibitors
11. Be able to compare and contrast the mechanism of action of a bronchodilator drug vs. an antileukotriene (or steroid) in asthma therapy
12. Understand the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-gonadal axis in female and male gamete production (general overview), in addition to understanding the clinical indications and mechanism of action for the following hormones/drugs:
Estradiol/progestin
Urofollitropin
Testosterone
Exercise Pharmacology
Chapter 1
1. Distinguish between pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacology.
2. How would you determine a drugâs doseâresponse curve?
3. What is meant by drug efï¬cacy? Potency?
4. How would you determine equipotent doses for two drugs of the same class?
5. What features of a drugâs action may make its pharmacokinetic properties more sensitive to exercise?
6. How might a drugâs volume of distribution be altered in the case of a person who is obese? A person who is elderly?
7. How might you explain an antagonist with partial agonist activity?
8. What are some of the ways that taking a second drug can affect the activity of the ï¬rst drugâor either drug?
Chapter 2
1. Bill is 60 years old and in reasonable shape. Working out on an elliptical machine, Bill sees that his heart rate is 135 bpm. Can you determine his ap-proximate exercise intensity without hooking him to a metabolic cart? What is he primarily burning for energy?
2. Your mother asks your advice about starting an exercise program. She is in pretty good health, but wants to drop some weight besides improving her cardiovascular health. What kind of exercise plan would you recommend to get her started? How would you explain to her the beneï¬ts of such a plan? After the initial couple of weeks, would you recommend any changes that might help her with her long-term ï¬tness goals?
3. Compare and contrast the three major muscle ï¬ber types in terms of their metabolism and fuel preference.
4. You are a graduate student working in an exercise physiology lab. You see a claim in a bodybuilding magazine about a supplement that rapidly increases power, strength, and muscle mass. How would you set up an experiment to test whether these claims are true?
5. Obesity is now considered by some to be reaching epidemic proportions. What is contributing to this trend, and what can be done?
Chapter 3
1. Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
2. What is meant by allostatic load, and how does it differ from stressing over a single test?
3. Explain three ways drugs can affect the signals transmitted by nerve cells.
4. How might exercise lessen the effects of stress?
5. Describe some of the theories that attempt to explain the bodyâs paradoxical response to exercise.
6. What are the key physiological changes that occur during the ï¬ght or ï¬ight response? How do they help in survival?
Chapter 4
1. What is meant by âbeta-blockers with ISAâ? What advantages might these drugs have? Disadvantages?
2. What property makes some beta-blockers cardio selective?
3. What are the effects of beta-blockers on exercise physiology?
4. A serious walker (5 miles/day) notices that she has stopped losing weight since starting her new prescription of propranolol (non-cardio selective, without ISA). She also fatigues more quickly than she used to. What can you offer her as an explanation?
5. The NCAA and USOC have banned beta-blockers from many types of com-petition. Why?
Chapter 5
1. Bill, a deconditioned, recently divorced 50-something exec driving that new BMW, wants to drop some weight and look good. He has high blood pressure. What kind of exercise regime would you recommend?
2. Why do calcium channel blockers mostly affect smooth muscle, with little effect on skeletal muscle?
3. How do calcium channel blockers reduce blood pressure?
4. Mary enjoys running and likes to compete in 10K races and half marathons. She also is diagnosed with high blood pressure. What are her options for regulating her blood pressure while maintaining a training schedule and remaining competitive?
5. How do ACE inhibitors affect blood pressure?
6. How do ARBs affect blood pressure?
The alpha-1 blockers can cause reflex tachycardia as a side effect.Carvedilol is an alpha-1, beta-1, beta-2 blocker. However,carvedilol does NOT cause reflex tachycardia even though it is analpha-1 blocker. Which statement best explains why?A. Baroreceptor will kick in but it will be blocked because thedrug also directly lowers heart rate (beta-1).B .Carvedilol is only a very weak alpha-1 blocker so thebaroreceptor doesn't kick in.C. Blocking beta-2 receptors causes reflex bradycardia thatcounteracts the reflex tachycardia.D. Carvedilol is only used to treat heart failure and it isimpossible for a patient with heart failure to gettachycardia.
