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28 Oct 2018

How does early animal development affect the organization of the 3 germinal layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)?

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Jean Keeling
Jean KeelingLv2
31 Oct 2018

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Related questions

Developmental biologists did the following experiments to discover the role of endoderm in the specification of cardiogenic mesoderm.

Using early mouse embryos:
Experiment 1: Removed the anterior endoderm and cultured the embryo – no cardiogenic mesoderm and no heart muscle cells developed.

Experiment 2: Removed anterior endoderm and replaced it posterior endoderm from another embryo and cultured the embryo – no cardiogenic mesoderm and no heart muscle cells formed.

Experiment 3: Removed anterior endoderm and replaced it anterior endoderm from another embryo and cultured the embryo – cardiogenic mesoderm and heart muscle cells developed.

Interpret these data. What are the signals that come from the anterior endoderm? What is their role in specification of the cardiogenic mesoderm?

1• T/F: many (species) embryos show anatomical asymmetry immediately at fertilization •

T/F: many (species) embryos show genetic or sub-cellular asymmetry immediately at fertilization •

T/F: In some instances, mRNAs and proteins already have polarized distributions before fertilization occurred, meaning some aspects of embryonic polarity is maternally determined

2. The mid-blastula transition describes the point of development where: (could be multiple correct responses) a. Zygotic gene transcription initiates b. Zygotic gene transcription terminates c. Maternal gene transcription initiates d. Maternal gene transcription terminates •

Which axis is specified by fertilization and cortical rotation in the frog embryo? a. A-P b. D-V •

In Xenopus development the mesoderm derives from the: a. Vegetal pole cells b. Marginal zone cells c. Animal cap cells •

Liver, lungs, and pancreas are derived from a. endoderm b. ectoderm c. mesoderm

2-4 Explain the earliest mechanisms specifying each germ layer • XNR/Nodals are _____________ factors acting as morphogens to specify mesoderm. a. Secreted b. Intracellular

You are a scientist in a lab that studies how cell fates are specified during development. In particular, you are curious about muscle development. Muscle cells are derived from the mesoderm (one of the three primary germ layers) and are specified rather early in development. You are using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, as a model system to study the phenomenon of muscle fate specification. You have isolated a line of mutant flies you have named “whimpy” (wpy). The wpy phenotype appears to be inherited in a mendelian manner and acts as a recessive lethal, that is, ¼ embryos from matings between two “carrier” flies die early in development. Analysis of the embryos suggests that muscle cells are not made. This suggests that the wildtype (normal) form of the wpy gene is required (necessary) for normal muscle specification during development.

- How would you test the hypothesis that wpy is sufficient to specify muscle cell fate? Explain your answer.

-Suppose wpy encodes a transcription factor. Describe one approach for determining the gene targets of the wpy protein.

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