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24 Jul 2019

​How does disease determinants(i.e genetic, medical care, geography, infections, behavior and socio economic cultural influence) relate to smallpox eradication.

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Jamar Ferry
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27 Jul 2019

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You are a cell biologist that is working with a geneticcounselor. That means that you are the expert in the field of celland molecular biology, while your colleague is the expert ingenetics.

The two of you are working with a couple, the Johnsons, who areboth carriers of the recessive mutant allele for Cystic Fibrosis(CF). That is, they have a ¼ chance of having a child with CF. Yourpartner, the genetic counselor, has already explained to them theirchances of having a child with CF is ¼ and why. She has explainedto them the symptoms of CF, which include lung infections anddigestive problems. So, don’t discuss the genetics orsymptoms of the disease.

What the Johnson’s want to know from you, is what causes thedisease at the molecular level. It is your job todescribe to them: 1. what molecule(s) are involved, 2. What doesthe mutation do to change the important protein in this process, 3.How does the mutant molecule affect the other cellular molecules –i.e. how does this mutation account for the symptoms of thedisease.

The assignment is to write a “script” for what you would say tothe Johnsons to explain the molecular cause of CF. Pleasewrite what you would say to them….this isdifferent that what would be written (we talk differently than wewrite, so don’t copy webpages).

(Finance Healthcare) Keep your response or summary to one page. How Much does the U.S. Spend on Healthcare?​ Articule analisys is How much does the U.S. spend to treat different diseases? Information below!

1. Circulatory and ill-defined conditions, such as check-ups, are the largest categories of health spending.Circulatory conditions had been the largest contributor to health spending, for at least a decade, until 2012 when they were surpassed in total spending by ill-defined conditions (a category including check-ups, follow-up appointments, preventive care, and treatment of minor conditions such as colds, flus, and allergies). In 2012, about $250 billion was spent on ill-defined conditions, and $243 billion went toward the treatment of circulatory conditions.

2. The top 5 disease categories account for roughly half of spending. The top five disease-based spending categories (ill-defined conditions, circulatory, musculoskeletal, respiratory, endocrine, and nervous system conditions) account for roughly half (51%) of all medical services spending by disease category. Circulatory and ill-defined conditions each represent about 13% of overall health spending by disease and musculoskeletal, respiratory, and endocrine conditions represent 10%, 8%, and 7% respectively.

3. Spending grew fastest for ill-defined conditions and slowest for circulatory conditions from 2000 - 2012. From 2000 – 2012, among the major disease categories in the chart above, the fastest spending growth was on ill-defined conditions and endocrine disorders.

4. About a third of medical services cost growth was from ill-defined, musculoskeletal, and circulatory conditions. Ill-defined conditions accounted for 16.6% of medical services spending growth. Treatments for musculoskeletal disorders (which include back problems and arthritis) and circulatory diseases were the second and third largest contributors to overall health services spending growth over the 2000 – 2012 period. Together, these three disease areas account for 36% of health services spending growth by disease. While spending on the category of circulatory diseases grew slowest of all disease categories, it still accounts for a substantial portion of overall growth because it is such a large area of spending.

4. Among major disease categories, the cost per case grew fastest for infectious diseases.

The cost of treating infectious diseases has grown faster than any category (the price index for this category grew at an average annual growth rate of 6.1% from 2000 to 2012).

Price indexes in the Health Care Satellite Account differ from official price indexes in that they are not only influenced by the price of a given treatment, but also by greater treatment intensity per visit, shifts from lower-cost to higher-cost treatments, and movement into less restrictive insurance plans.

5.The number of treated cases grew fastest for endocrine disorders and ill-defined conditions​. The number of treated cases grew fastest for ill-defined conditions and endocrine disorders, each at an average annual growth rate of 4.3% from 2000-2012. (Because the spending changes above adjust for treatment cost, they primarily represent changes in the number of cases over the time period.)

6. The cost per case has grown faster than the number of treated cases in most years since 2001. Over the 2000 – 2012 period, the cost per case generally grew faster than the number of treated cases. 2012 was the first time in recent years that the number of treated cases grew faster than the cost per case​.

7.Increases in prices and service intensity have driven most of spending growth.

Over the 2000 – 2012 period, about 65% of per capita spending growth can be attributed to growth in the cost per case, with the remaining 35% due to non-price factors. (This estimate differs from that previously released by the BEA because the number of treated cases started to drive growth relatively more in the most recent years.)

8. Major disease categories have mostly seen better outcomes along with higher spending. Assessing the value of health care spending is challenging for a number of reasons (including limited availability of outcomes data, differences in categorization between data sources, and inability to control for socioeconomic and other external factors that influence health). Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are one way to measure health outcomes that account for both premature death and years lived with disability. In the 2005 – 2010 period, the increase in per capita spending generally corresponded with an improvement in DALYs. A study done by researchers at the BEA comparing spending and outcomes across 30 chronic conditions from 1987 - 2010 found that “overall gains in health outcomes for the population more than offset the increase in the average cost of treatment, suggesting a positive net value for medical spending.”

1. What is public health and what is its history? What do the concepts of historical, current, and emerging health concerns mean as part of public health?

2.What do morbidity and mortality mean in public health? How do we use these to determine contributory causes of illness, injury, and death?

3.What are the six basic types of public health data and what are some advantages and disadvantages of each?

4.How do the social and behavioral sciences relate to public health?

5.What are the key legal principles that form the basis for public health law?

6.What is a non-communicable disease? Choose one and discuss the risk factors and at least one intervention to modify, reduce, or eliminate risk factors.

7.What is screening and what role does it play in communicable disease prevention?

8.What are the components of an environmental risk assessment? Choose an environmental risk (i.e. pesticides or lead) and apply this to an assessment.

9.Discuss three different public health professionals. What are their roles, where might they work, what is their education and credentialing?

10.Find two in-patient care facilities and two out-patient care facilities in your hometown. What do they do? Who do they serve? Please include a link or address so I may look into the selected facilities.

11.What are three types of insurance available in the US? Who has access to each? (i.e. what are the requirements to utilize or access each type you selected).

12.List the ten essential services of public health (yes, just list).

13.What is the role of public health in emergency preparedness for both man-made and natural disasters?

14.Examine the eight The Millennium Development Goals for 2015. Please list them and for each goal, one objective that has been set to meet that goal (be sure to include the who/what/when/ and where.

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