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22 Jun 2019

Physiology of the human body (PHY2820)

Exercise and the Cardiovascular System

Part 1: Cardiovascular parameters: do you understand these?

In the spaces below, provide definitions of the stroke volume, mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance. In addition, please explain what factors determine each of these parameters.

(a) Stroke Volume (5 marks)

(b) Mean arterial presure (5 marks)

(c) Total peripheral resistance (5 marks)

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Collen VonLv2

25 Jun 2019

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Related questions

Rest activity

min volume 19700ml air/min 43400 ml air /min

breathing rate 13breat/min 21

heartrate 72beats/min 112 beats/min

blood pressure 118/70 158/88

% O2 inhaled air 20.94% (.)2094ml O2/ml air) same

% O2 exhaled air 18.94% (.1894 ml O2/ml air) same

a) claculate Tidal volume [ml air/breath]
b) calculate Oxygen consumption (VO2) [ ml O2 consumed/min] -
c) calculate Oxygen content of arterial blood (CO2a) [ml O2/mlblood] -
d) calculate Oxygen content of venous blood (CO2v) [ml O2/ml blood]-
You need to know that there is 13.3 g hemoglobin/100 ml blood, and1.3
ml O2 binds to each gram of hemoglobin. Assume arterial blood is100%
saturated with oxygen, whereas mixed venous blood is 60%saturated
when the subject is resting.
e) caluclate Cardiac Output (CO) [ ml blood/min ] -
f) caulculate Stroke Volume (SV) [ ml blood/beat] -

g) Tidal volume [ml air/breath]
h) Oxygen consumption (VO2) [ ml O2 consumed/min]
i) Stroke Volume (SV) [ ml blood/beat]
Assume change in stroke volume is the same as the change inpulse
pressure when going from rest to exercise - s
j) Cardiac Output (CO) [ ml blood/min ] -
k) Oxygen content of arterial blood (CO2a) [ml O2/ml blood] = sameas when resting
l) Oxygen content of venous blood (CO2v) [ml O2/ml blood] -

Now answer these questions:

1. By what multiplication factor (e.g. 2 times, 3 times, etc.)did oxygen consumption
increase over resting when the person exercised?
2. a. Did minute volume increase by the same factor that oxygenconsumption
increased? If not, what made up the difference?
b. Did cardiac output increase by the same factor that oxygenconsumption
increased? If not, what made up the difference?
3. What was most responsible for the change in minute volume? i.e.compare the
factorial change in breathing rate with that of tidal volume.
4. What was most responsible for the change in cardiac output? i.e.compare the
factorial change in heart rate with that of stroke volume.
5. Calculate total peripheral resistance during rest and exercise(see pg 21). What
physiological changes led to the change in peripheral resistance?In what part of the
body did they occur, and why is this adaptive?

ivorymuskrat878

The human body is truly remarkable and is designed tofunction effectively. Organs are important structures composed ofdifferent tissues that facilitate specific functions within thebody. Organs function as part of an integrated group of structuresknown as organ systems. These organ systems form the organizationalunits that are responsible for crucial processes necessary forsustaining life.

Examples of organ systems include but are not limitedto the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, themusculoskeletal system, the nervous system, the excretory system,the endocrine system and the respiratory system. Even organ systemsdo not function alone. These systems work together, interactingwith other organs in a functional network that keeps the body inbalance. (Look up the term homeostasis in your text.) When homeostasis orthe normal functioning of organ systems is disrupted, disease maydevelop causing injury to the body, or even death. In thisassignment, you will explore organ systems, as well as associateddiseases or malfunctions.

Assignment details:

Take a look at the following casestudies that detail an outcome associated with a disease/organmalfunction. Select onestudy to investigate further for yourassignment.

Critically evaluate the information provided andcorrelate it with the organ systems that are affected in thescenario. Use the information that you have gathered to answer theassignment questions that follow the case study. For assistancewith your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library, Webresources, and course materials.

Case Study 1:

Atherosclerosis isnarrowing of arteries caused by the accumulation of fatty depositson the arterial walls.

On June 22, 2002 the St. Louis Cardinals werepreparing for their upcoming baseball game against the Chicagocubs. Concern arose when their prized pitcher, 33-year old DarrylKile did not show up for practice. Soon after, he was found stillin his hotel room where he had suddenly died in his sleep (New YorkTimes, 2002). It was discovered that the cause of death was relatedto three of his coronary arteries being 80-90% blocked as a resultof atherosclerosis (New York Times, 2002), which ultimately causedhim to undergo a heart attack.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

Why would atherosclerosis result in a heart attack?Provide a brief explanation based on how the heart functions.
How are arteries different from veins andcapillaries? Describe the functions of both arteries andveins.
Vertebrates and some invertebrates have a closedcirculatory system. Explain the advantage of having a closedcirculatory system over an open circulatory system?
Briefly explain how the lymphatic system isassociated with the circulatory system?
Describe one disease that affects the lymphaticvessels similarly to the way that atherosclerosis affects thearteries?

Case Study 2:

Cigarette smoking remainsthe leading preventable cause of death in the United States,causing an estimated 438,000 deaths - or about 1 out of every 5 -each year (National Cancer Institute, 2008).

Mr. Amos is now 57 years old and has been smoking forthe past 30 years of his life. A recent doctor's visit reveals thatMr. Amos has stage 3 lung cancer, characterized by his symptoms ofnagging chest pain, fatigue, coughing up blood, substantial weightloss, and increased carbon dioxide levels in his blood. The doctorinformed Mr. Amos that had he quit his smoking habit several yearsago, he would have reduced his risk for developing lung cancerlater in life. Mr. Amos immediately begins treatment for the lungcancer that has metastasized to his lymph nodes.

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

What main components in cigarettes affect therespiratory system? Explain their effects on specific organs, cellsand/or processes in the respiratory system.
There are alternate mechanisms of transportingcarbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2 ) in the blood. Explain howsmoking might lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide in theblood.
Can smoking affect other organ systems of the body?Give specific examples and briefly explain your answer.
How can you correlate cellular respiration with therespiratory system?
Does smokeless tobacco present a reduced risk forlung cancer and other smoking associated diseases? Provide evidencefor your answer.

Case Study 3:

Gigantism is abnormallylarge growth during childhood caused by excess growth hormonesecreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Robert Wadlow, born on February 22, 1918, weighed anormal eight pounds, six ounces. However, by the time Robertreached the age of six months old, he weighed 30 pounds (Hamilton,1993). Within only a year, his weight rose to 62 pounds, more thandouble the normal weight of a baby at 18 months. Aside from hisweight, Robert continued to grow at an astounding rate, reachingsix feet, two inches and 195 pounds by the time he was eight yearsold. Robert's unique size was attributed to an over activepituitary gland, which produced much higher than normal levels ofgrowth hormone. At the time of his death in July 1940 at the age of22, Robert had reached a height of 8 feet 11.1 inches and weighed485 pounds (Hamilton, 1993).

Answer the following assignmentquestions:

How does growth hormone regulate various bodyfunctions in adults, and what could cause the excess secretion ofgrowth hormone?
Discuss the relationship between growth hormone andinsulin, and are there complications associated with theirinteraction?
Why is gigantism usually more difficult to treatthan dwarfism?
Give examples of two other hormones secreted by thepituitary, and briefly describe how they specifically affect otherorgan systems of the body?
Some athletes have resorted to the illegal use ofanabolic steroids to increase strength and muscle size. How areanabolic steroids different from growth hormone? Briefly explainyour answer.

References

Hamilton, S. (1993). Looking backand up: At Robert Pershing Wadlow, the gentle giant. Alton,IL: Alton Museum of History and Art.

National Cancer Institute. (2008). Tobacco statistics snapshot. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco/statisticssnapshot#0_references

The New York Times. (2002, July 17). Baseball: Coroner verifies the cause of Kile's death asnatural. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/17/sports/baseball-coroner-verifies-the-cause-of-kile-s-death-as-natural.html?ref=darryl_kile

bluemosquito470

Who is given credit for first deducing that the cerebrum receives sensations and the cerebellum helps control movement?

(a)Hippocrates (b) Aristotle (c) Galen (d)Descartes (e) Henry Gustave Molaison

Which of the following statements is FALSE according to the fluid-mechanical theory of brain function?

(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b)Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d)Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e) The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.

Which of the following statements is TRUE according to our current understanding of brain function?

(a)The brain contains hollow, fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. (b) Nerves are hollow. (c) The body functions according to a balance of four vital fluids (humors). (d) Humors were moved to and from the brain by nerves. (e)The heart acts as a valve controlling the movement of animal spirits to and from the brain.

Which of the following statements was not believed by Rene Descartes?

(a)The brain functions in accordance with the fluid-mechanical theory. (b)Animal spirits going through nerves inflate muscles. (c) The brain controls human behavior that is like that of other animals. (d) Uniquely human mental capacities also arise from the brain. (e) All of the above statements were believed by Descartes

Dissections of cadavers in the 17^th and 18^th centuries were important to furthering our understanding of nervous system structure and function. Of the statements below, all of which were contributions made by these dissections, which one came from a deduction rather than a direct observation?

(a) The brain has gray and white matter. (b) White matter brings information to and from gray matter. (c) There is a peripheral and a central nervous system. (d) The central division of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. (e) The brain has gyri and sulci.

H.M.âs epileptic seizures were thought to arise as a result of a

(a)congenital defect. (b)hard hit to his head sustained during childhood. (c)neurodegenerative disease. (d)viral infection. (e)genetic susceptibility.

After undergoing an experimental surgery to control his epilepsy, H.M.

(a)Experienced more frequent and severe seizures. (b)Had no semantic knowledge of events occurring before the surgery. (c) Was not able to learn and remember new facts.(d)Had no procedural memory of tasks learned before the surgery. (e)Was not able to form new procedural memories

H.M.âs surgical outcome was extraordinarily influential in changing the prevalent idea of brain functioning from that of mass action to that of specific brain regions carrying out specific functions. It provided the first evidence that which region of the brain is needed to form new declarative memories?

((a)The cerebrum (b)The cerebellum (c) The hypothalamus (d)The hippocampus. (e)The frontal lobe

You are meeting a new patient in your clinical practice. The man starts to speak and this is what comes out of his mouth in a steady stream âDog blue sky carry coffee wheel table raw simple sign cigarette book test car view draw mean witch two famous shoe cookie cat road mouse baby trousers.â As a result of this, you immediately suspect damage to which part of his brain?

(a) The hippocampus. (b) The amygdala (c) The auditory cortex. (d)Brocaâs area. (e)Wernickeâs area.

Karl Lashley assessed the ability of rodents to learn and remember a maze after regions of their brain had been removed. His results indicated to him that the brain functions by mass action. How do we explain this incorrect conclusion today?

(a) His experiments were flawed by not having the correct controls.

(b)He removed too much brain tissue at a time.

(d)Rodents have many ways to learn a maze.

(e)All of the above