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1 Feb 2019

What is the function of the external domain of a cell-surface receptor?

___________________

Directly alter gene expression and transcription.

Transmit the signal to the inside of the cell.

Phosphorylate amino acids as part of a signalling cascade.

Anchor the receptor in the membrane.

Bind the signaling molecule.

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2 Feb 2019

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HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE

1. Describe the ligand and any external receptors that bind to the ligand. If signaling can occur without an external ligand, explain how this can occur.

2. Describe how the signal is translocated from the exterior of the cell to the interior of the cell. Be sure to describe the specific activity of the receptor in initiating the intracellular signal.

3. Describe the propagation of the signal within the cell from the membrane receptor to the point of cellular response. Provide the details for at least one specific protein interaction that either results in the activation or inactivation of a subsequent protein or signaling molecule to propagate the signal.

4. What is a specific cellular response to the signal. Something will change- what is it?

indigosea-lion999

1. How does sexual reproduction compare to DNA transfers inprokaryotes?
I. Both increase genetic diversity.
II. Sexual reproduction results in greater evolutionarychange.
III. DNA transfer in prokaryotes allows for fewer errors andmutations.

a. I only

b. I and II

c. I and III

d. I, II, and III

2. What type of receptor is described in the followingparagraph?

Binding of a signaling molecule to this type of receptor uses anenzyme to remove a phosphate group from an ATP molecule to activateanother receptor. The activated receptor can be recognized by relayproteins inside the cell, which bind to the receptor and changeshape. These activated proteins then trigger a transduction pathwaythat leads to some sort of cellular response.

a. intracellular receptor

b. ligand-gated ion channel

c. g protein-coupled receptor

d. receptor tyrosine kinase

3. Yeast cells, plant cells, and mammal cells all share manysimilarities in cell signaling. This provides evidence that

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b. intercellular communication evolved as a way for multicellularorganisms to coordinate cell functions

c. eukaryotic cells use signal transduction pathways whileprokaryotic cells use a more primitive form of signaling

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limehornet465

Signal transduction ispart of a cell's response to an external signal. Althoughsignaltransduction pathways can differ in their details, there aresome common elements. Determine which of the statements belowaccurately describe signal transduction pathways. Select the sixcorrect statements.

1. A receptor changes conformation uponbinding, transmitting a signal acrossthe cellmembrane.

2. Signal transductioncascades, often involvingprotein kinases, amplify a signal intracellularly.

3. Signal transductioncascades directly transmit asingle stimulus to a single target.

4. A second messengermay carry a signal from thecell membrane to an organelle.

5. A ligand, such as a hormone, binds to a specific cell surfacereceptor on a target cell.

6. A ligand phosphorylates protein residues, ending the signalingcascade inside thecell.

7. A receptor may pass on a signal by interacting withanother protein or by acting as an enzyme.

8. Phosphatases remove phosphoryl groupsfrom polypeptides, regulating a cell's response.

9. A second messengercarries a signal from atissue or organ to a target cell.

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