Gardasil is a vaccine that prevents one form of cervical cancer (penile cancer). However, it should be administered prior to the onset of sexual activity. Should society mandate the administration of this vaccine to all children? Does it encourage sexual promiscuity? How would you encourage parents to have their children vaccinated against this cancer?

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Jamar FerryLv2

29 Sep 2019

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The Scientific Method

For any controlled scientific study, a scientist starts with an observation, does some research to develop a hypothesis, and then designs an experiment that compares some baseline group with a test group. Data are then collected to confirm or refute the hypothesis.

As you review the following study, consider whether the researchers correctly followed the scientific method.

In the late 1990s, gastroenterologist Andrew Wakefield, along with a research team, set out to determine if bowel disease caused by vaccines led to autism.

He compiled a group of 12 children who had loss of acquired skills, developmental delays in language, diarrhea, and abdominal pain-essentially, those with both bowel disease and autism. He questioned each parent about the behavior and personality of the child before the child was vaccinated with the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine. He then ran tests on the children to determine the health of the gastrointestinal tract, brain, and nervous system.

His reported data (tabulated below) included that children experienced either gastrointestinal or autism-like symptoms, sometimes within a short period after being vaccinated. From these data, the researchers concluded that there was no link between autism and the MMR vaccine. Wakefield though, contradicted this conclusion and stated that the vaccine caused changes in the gastrointestinal tract of the children, which then led to autism (Wakefield, et al., 1998). Currently, he still contends that the MMR vaccine contributes to autism (Ziv, 2015).

Many researchers tried to duplicate this study and could not replicate Wakefield's results. In fact, they found no link between the vaccines, bowel disease, and autism. In the United Kingdom, the MMR vaccine was not introduced until 1988. If Wakefield's conclusions were correct, one would then expect a jump in autism cases after 1988, but this was not observed, even when hundreds of children were studied (Taylor et al., 1999). In these additional studies, children who had not been vaccinated were included as a control group, and no difference in the rates of autism was observed.

In 2011, Brian Deer reviewed Wakefield's study and all available records from the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom for these 12 children. He found that at most, two children showed symptoms days after vaccinations. At least five children showed developmental delays before being vaccinated. Six out of the 12 children may have had autism symptoms. None of the 12 children tested had all three-regressive autism, colitis, and symptoms days after vaccination.

Symptom	Wakefield	Wakefield NHS Records (Deer)
Symptoms days after vaccination	8	2?
Non-specific colitis	12	3
Regressive autism	9	6?
Intestinal/autism/symptoms after vaccine	12	0

(Wakefield, et al., 1998; Deer, 2011)

Wakefield's statements led to a worldwide panic about the safety of vaccines, but after Deer's report, Wakefield's study was retracted and his medical license was revoked for falsifying data. Click on the following links to review materials to enhance your knowledge of the scientific method and to support your analysis of Wakefield's experiment:

Steps of the Scientific Method: A simplified explanation of how the scientific method works, the steps taken to investigate phenomenon with diagrams

Do Vaccines Cause Autism?: A review of research demonstrating that vaccines and their components are not the cause of autism

Fifteen years after a vaccine scare, a measles epidemic: An analysis of vaccination trends and an increase in measles cases seen the UK

Answer the following 4 questions:

What was wrong with Wakefield's study? Discuss at least 1 variable or approach that should have been controlled or assessed.

Consider the source of some of his data (parental memory, for example), the small sample size, and whether he considered other variables (genetics, diet, and so on) that could have resulted in symptoms in these children.

Discuss the importance of a control group when using the scientific method.

Did Wakefield deserve to be barred from medical practice?

What were the consequences of his inflated conclusions?

Provides substantial and thoughtful response, reflection â in-depth and detailed for the following post. Please don't copy past from the web

Mumps was common in World War I many troop members caught this infectious disease which leads them to hospitalization. It is also important to remember that even those who are vaccinated are still at risk for developing mumps. Mumps is a highly contagious viral disease that has continued to spread globally. This viral infection affects the parotid glands which produces saliva and are located below and in front of your ears. If you or your child develops Mumps, it can cause swelling of one or both parotid glands. Mumps outbreaks were extremely common in the United States until vaccination became routine. Since then the number of cases has dropped significantly in the United States but is still a problem in other regions of the world.

Mumps is rarely life threatening illness, but it can cause a serious discomfort in those infected. The swelling of the parotid gland lasts over a week, and it can affect feeling in the jaw. Orchitis, or inflammation of one or both testicles, is commonly seen in male patients who have reached puberty but rarely causes sterility. Low-grade fevers, headaches, and general malaise are common complaints, with a small percentage of patients displaying symptoms of viral meningitis. Rare cases of mumps can cause infection of the brain, and inflammation of the covering of the brain and spinal cord. Other complications also include arthritis, kidney and pancreases problems, deafness, and inflammation of the ovaries.

Although there is no specific treatment for mumps, it can be prevented with the vaccine. The vaccine after exposure has not been found to be protective. However, only 120 countries have the vaccine for Mumps, and that leaves countries without it suffering and could lead to serious health problems. One country that does not have this vaccine is India, and there has been a rapid growth in Mumps over the years, and it is mainly affecting children. Mumps outbreaks or sporadic cases have been periodically reported from the States of Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. India is very limited on information and data regarding mumps. The cost of the vaccine for India would offset the burden of this infectious disease.

China is one country that has a vaccination for mumps this came out in 2008 since then mumps have decreased. Except 2013-2015 a natural epidemic pattern of mumps has slightly changed making the vaccine less affective than before. During this period studies showed that mumps had decreased among teens/children and had increased in adults. These recent outbreaks have caused wide concerns regarding the vaccine and how affective it is.

In conclusion, mumps is a disease that has been around for decades. It also has the potential to have sporadic outbreaks, and it mainly affects children. In the emerging world, not all vaccines work because our bodies get used to the disease and also it can change naturally during the time. With the progression of modern technology, we can only hope that we find a way to prevent mumps altogether. Mumps is not the most serious disease, but it can cause pain and has the potential to be extremely dangerous.

Citations:

Burnett, M. (2017). An ongoing series.

Paul, S. (2017). Investigating Mumps Outbreak in Odisha, India: An Opportunity to Assess the Health System by Utilizing the Essential Public Health Services Framework.

A. C. (2017). Mumps Epidemiology and Mumps Virus Genotypes Circulating in Mainland China during 2013-2015.